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YEREVAN ՏԼAԼE UNՄVERՏՄԼY PREՏՏ

YEREVAN - 2007

Preface

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пiajoriпg iп ecorю1111cs. as Tliis textbook ,s рпrлапlу desigпed for studeпts rл1сs апd are eager to есопо iп ted well as tor tlюse iridiviciuals. wlю are iпteres e splier tl11s 1п h ехрапсl the1r k1юv.lr cl(Jf' of Eпgl1s ·llJu '" l ' ·L L 'L1·' c11·' г сr1\н11r.uшс1с1п 111�шl11н1\Jr,1111 ,л\J111t,,Ji•LГд ' llJJ·ll'' i1C\J LJJUq[C l1L1Jll iЩCc, J ' [1.• Cilf1 qCLJ1U W · LП!11' LJ LLJ,,J, l, LЛLU[l\JCP :ir,!1['lJ1l.LJjll'rLl..,J' L!J2ll..,Ш li шiu\J L С ( trн. oq clфg Lmcrar: 1е1 ц ш q \J LLl ч L t;q Ц" i[ rч, 111 ,mc, 11,с1 li 4 ltr ,'J ck1 u\1wr1ri 111 LU g п Г) \JС 11', пшuш11

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Th1s texttюok rs pr1п1,1r1ly cJesignecJ for stu(Jeпts n1c11or1пg 1п ecoпom1cs. as well as for tlюsr, 111(i1v1,IL1c1ls who are rпterested 1n econo1111cs с1пd are eager to ехрс1псJ therr k110wle(Jge of Eпglrsh 1п th1s sphere The texthook ,11ms to l1elp stucJeпts read апd uпderstaпcJ economic literature. coll(Juct vr1luahle tJL1siпess correspoпdeпce апсJ vaпous sorts of пegotiatюns all(J d1ScL1ssioпs iп Eпglish. The texthook rпclucJes 4 sectioпs. Sectioп 1 coпsrsts of 17 lessoпs. Ec1ch lessoп is ассоmрапю(J Ьу vocahL1lary notes iп Eпgl1sh-Armeпic1п-Russic1п апсJ subsequeпt exerc1ses. The пotes сопtаiп есопо1111с terrns r1пcJ пюst commonly usocl worcJ comlJrпatioпs. whrch 1п соп1uпсtюп wrth the excerc1ses facrlitate а thorOLJgl1 understaпcJ1ng of the provrded mc1ter1al. Sесtюп 2 prov1cJes supplemeпtary readiпg assigпmeпts. desigпed to complemeпt апсJ ехрапсJ the kпowledge acquired 1п sесtюп 1 Sectioп З rs cJes1gпed to cJevelop the rec1шrecJ skills of morJerп-cJay busrпess lr1пgL1age. lt provrcJes some of tlie rnost со111п10пlу L1sed expressюпs rп busiпess corгesponcJeпce, 1п соmЬ1г,аtюп w1tl1 model bus1пess letters апd dialogues. Sectioп 4 provicJes а coniprehensive glossary iп Eпglish-Armeпiaп Russiaп.

Учебное пособие предназначено дnя студентов экономических вузов и коnnеджоs. а та1,же для тех. кто интересуется экономикой и хочет расширить свои знания ангпииского �зыка в зтои обпасти

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Предисловие х вузов Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов экономически хочет и икой и колледжов. а та,,же для тех. кто интересуется эконом области Учебное расширить свои знания английского языкс1 в этой понимании эконо пособие ставит целью помочь студентс1м в чтении и переговоров и иски. мической литературы. проведения деловой переп дискуссий на английском языке. состоит из 17 Это учебное пособие включает 4 раздела Раздел 1 риком (анг слова м кстовы уроков. сопровождаемых трехъязычным прите ает эко включ ри,, лийский - армянский русский) и упражненями Слова сочетания данного номические термины и широко используемыf' слово ании с при текствого материала Разнообразие упражнений в сочет льному тщате и ому текстовым словариком способствует более глубок усвоению представленного материала. чтения. пред Разд ел 2 в,.пючает материал для дополнительного иала. матер е усматривающий расширение изученного в раздел делового Раздел 3 иг.лее г це11ью развитие языковых навыков в сфере х в дело общения включа,� множество выражений. широко используемы вой переписке. об1ызцы деловых писем и диалоги ский Раздел 4 предс I авпяет собой трехъязычный англо-армянско-рус словарь

Section 1

LESSON 1

The Nature of Economics Economrcs rs the study of how socrety chooses to use scarce resources to prodL1ce goods and to drstribute them fo, consumption This definition raises certa1n issues that аге key to LIПders:andrng economics

1. resources. 2. goods and seгv1ces and 3. allocatюn of bot/1 resources

and products.

Resources А nation's resoшces cons1st of 3 broad areas natural resources capital resources and labor resources Natural resources are provided Ьу natшe in limrted arтounts they include oil coal. natural gas t1ml)er L'1ater and mrnerals. NatL.ral resources must Ье processed to Ьесоrле а product or to Ье used to р odL1ce other goods or services For example trees must Ье processed into lumber before they can Ье used to build homes. sl10pp1ng malls and schools. Capital resources are goods produced for the purpose of making other types of goods and services Some caprtal resoшces. called сиггепt assets. have з short life and are Lised up rn the prodL1ctioп process These resources rпclude fLrel. raw rnaterrals. paper апd 111опеу Loпg - l1ved caprtal resoL.rces. whrch сап Ье 11sed repeatedly 111 tl1e prodL1ctron process are cзlled fixed capita/. Examples iпclude factory bшld1ngs. persoпal computers and railroad cars L abor resources represent the hL1maп talent of а паtгоп. То have value in 'l,p ' " I а Ьor fогсе 111cJ1v1cJ11als must tJe trarned to perform either skrlled or "'"rniskrlled work

Goods and Services А nаtюп s resoшccs are L1sed to produce goods апd servrces that wrll 111P, et people s· 11ен ds and wants. Needs are goods a1d services people

Section 1 / Lesson 1

must have simply to ex1st. Wants. on the other hand. are th1пgs they would like to have bL1t do поt absolL1tely need for surv1val Such 1tems as food. clothing. sllelter and med1cal care are пeeds: video recorders. cassettes. fashionaЫe clotlles. and \L1Xury vacatioпs are wants А person·s wants сап Ье L1nlimited as soon as one want 1s satisfied. another is created. Even wealthy people tend to have L1nlimited wants. Непrу Ford was once asked llow mL1ch гrюnеу it would take before а person would stop wanting more Не 1eadily aпswered ·Just а little bit more. ·· Goods and serv,ces produced - each product manL1factured each service offered - are des1gпed to meet пeeds and sat1sfy waпts of coпsumers. Bus1nesses stari апd operate hoping to produce some item or serv,ce that the puЫic will like well enough or need badly enougll to bL1y Coпsidering that реор\е have many rleeds plus ап almost unlimited 11st of wants. is it possiЫe to satisfy а\\ of the pop11latюn s needs апd wants ? The answer 1s по

Allocation Allocatюn 1s the process of choosing how resources will Ье used to meet а society·s needs and wants: 1t includes the distribution of products to consumers. Resources allocatio11. AII countries !асе the age - old economic problem of limited resources ai1d L1пlimited wants. We а\\ know. for example. that the supply of oil апd natural gas in the United States 1s а limited natural resource Еvеп tl,e amount of capital resources. such as corporate stocks and bonds that сап Ье raised during а specific period. is limited. Because we l1ve in а world 1n which the quantity of all resources is limited. we must make cho1ces. we have to answer three fundamental есопоm1с questюпs • What goods and services w1II Ье produced. and ,п what quantities r) • How w1\I goods and serv1ces Ье produced. and Ьу whom ? • Who w1\I use the goods and serv1ces ? Опсе these qL1estions are answered. we have а basis for choosing how our resources w1II Ье used. how tt,ey will Ье allocated to best sat1sfy coпsumers· wants апd needs. The 1ssue of allocatюn 1s not limited to scarce resources lt also 1nvolves the distпbutюn of goods and services to the consumer

Section 1 / Lesson 1

Vocabulary Notes

to produce goods - wщriwu2\Jbri WГ1Ulw11ribl, прои зводить продукцию goods and services - wщriw\Jf>ubri LL owr1wJПL[cJ ПL\Jub

услуги

ri товары и

natural resources - p\Jwцw\J r1buпLriuubri. природные богатства labor resources - UWfl11ЦWJr\J (W2�WUlWUf>WJr\J) Г1bUП

LГ1UUb[l. людские (трудовые) ресурсы capital resources - цwщrUlwl r1bunLpu\J bp. капитал компании. соб ственные фонды to meet smb's wants - p.wцwr,wribl rut-П ГI ubцr щwhw\J2uпLLif)UbГ1[1. удовлетворять чьи - то потребности to meet smb's needs - PWЦWflWГibl r\JtПfl ubцr ЦWГlrf>\JbpQ. удовлет ВОрЯТЬ ЧЬИ - ТО нужды ОП the ОПе hand - ur ЦПf1UrQ.

С ОДНОЙ СТОРОНЫ

оп the other hand - UJПLU цn11urg. с друг ой стороны for example - oprtJwцr hwuwri. напр имер both and - WJ\Jщbu rutщbu. LL LL. как ... так И. . И. И. raw materials - hПLUf> сырье unlimited wants - w\Juшhuw\JwLrwц щwh w\J2unL\Jf>\Jbp. неограничен ные потребности to satisfy wants - pwцwriwribl щwh w\J2unL\Jf>\JbpQ удовлетворять по требности �ealthy people - hWflПLUUl LfWГIГ\rЦ. СОСТОЯТельные ЛЮДИ 1ust а little Ьit more - щwriqwщbu ur f>rt [l, просто еще немного to manufacture products - WГ!UlWГ)Гlbl wщriwuf>ubri(wriUlwГ)ГlWUf>\Jbri). изготовлять товары (продукцию) shoрр,пg mall - WГ1UUlГlr цbuUl rin\J. торговый пассаж current assets - Q\Jrзwgrц wцU lrLjubri текущие активы fixed capital - hruuwцw\J цшщrUlW[. hruuwцw\J ur2ng\Jbri. основной ,апитал. недвижимый капитал. основные средства to otfer services · - wr1w2wriцbl owr1wJПL[cJПL\Jubri. предлагать услу ги 10 start (а) business Prq\Jbu uцubl. начать коммерческую деятельнnсть (бизнес)

Section 1 / Lesson 1_

коммерческую деятель to operate (а) business . pr,q\.JЬ-u 4w1,Ь-l. вести

Section 1 / Lesson 1 З.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text:

ность (бизнес)

Г1Llt t hWUWflWЦПL[aJПLUU [1_UL!lflПLU OQL!lШQПflOGl uwчwч ГJGUПLflU1.JЬ-r,, ЩW2WflUGfl Ь-r,Ь-р lWJU ПlПfllЛUGfl l)flWUf> UGflWГ2ПLU Ь-1.J WJl

крайне (очень сильно) нуждаться распределение resources al\ocation - r2Ь-unLr,u1.JЬ-rr L!lbГ[wpw2tunLLf.

lЛGUWЦГ, WЩflLUUf>UGflГ1 ЩWL!lflWUL!lUWU UЩWL!lWЦПL{ WJU щw hwu2nLLf t. wr2wug Lfшr11чwJrli r2Ь-unLfluuЬ-rr щшhwu24nLLf t

) ЧWflГ1f> ПL\.JЬ-1.Jщ, to need badly enough - pw4wцwliwtwLti t,..фul!l (zwl!l

ресурсов

1.J4wqwqnLJlJ 4Ь-r,wщwl!lflWUL!lnLL.f 11w цpw4wrwrr Lfwr11чwug чwrrouЬ-flQ nL щwhwu2LfnLup1.JЬ-r,Q LfJnLu чпгturg ur,wup цgwu чwuwu nLuЬ-uwl шJuщrur wщrwuouь-r rutщruro ь-u hь-u9 nr ur щwhwu2LfnLuf>[1_ PWL{WflШfll{ПLU t Lfbц ПLflГ12Q WГ2W2WUПLU t pw L{W ЦWUW[WЧ, turul!l ЧWflГ1f> ПL\.JЬ-1.Jщ. r1.ltщЬ-u ЩGL!lf> t OQLЛW

я с проблемой

to face (а) proЫem - tulif1 flГ1 wr22LJ. цwuqliЬ-l, столкнутьс Ь-uwцw1.J tulif1Г1fl, an age - old economic proЫem - ГfWflWL{Пfl(hr,1.J) L!l1.JLJI

вековая (старая) экономическая проблема ченные реlimited resources - uwhuwuwч,wч ГJGUПLflUUGfl, ограни

qnr,b4Ь-1.J WJU uwчwч Г2GUПLflUUGfl[1_ WЩflWUf>UGflГ1 pwztunLU[1_ UЩWГ2ПГ[UGflГ,U LIЬ-1.Jp PПlПflU QГ,L!lbup. ПflП2WЧГ1 dwL.fwuwцwhwl!l4wbnLLf PПlПfl ГJGUПLflUUGfl[l f>WUWЦ[1_ uwhLfwuwч,wц t Ь-r,Ь-р hr,Lf UWЦWU lЛUL!lbuwцwu hwr,gЬ-r, lWL{WQПLJU 6l.J.n4 PWL{WflWflGl

сурсы

supply of oil - uwчrar WГ2W2WflЧ, предложение нефти тва natural resources - puwцwu r2Ь-unLflu\.Jbfl, природные богатс l.J. ЩWfll!lW nLfuЬ-r l L! pwduЬ4 corporate stocks and bonds - цnr,щnr,wlllГ,

UЩWГJПГ[\.JЬ-r,г,u puwцwu Г2GUПLflUUGfl[1_ ЩGL!lf> t 4Ь-r,wu2wц4Ь-1.J. Пfl щЬ-uqr L{GflW04Ь-1.J WЩflWUf>Гl

LЛnLfuЬ-r,. корпоративные акции и облигации количество quantity of а\\ resources - pnlПfl r2Ь-unLflUubflГ1 pwuwцQ. всех ресурсов

выбор to make а choice - QUL!l!lПL[aJПLli цwl!lWflGl, делать (сделать) ресурсы е редки scarce resources - uwцw4. hwq4wqJПLL!l r2Ь-unLr,uubfl, car - Ь-r,чwranщwJr,1.J 4wqnu - железнодорожный вагон

process - n ('prouses) 1 qnr,bQlirawg, щr,ngЬ-u, Qlirawgp процесс process - \' [pra'ses] u2wчЬ-l обрабатывать

railroad

. Exercises 1.

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subject - n ('s/\bct5ikt] 1. raWw. wr2wr,цw, 1.JJПL[a тема. предмет

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subject -

capital resources: economics: natural gas: product natural resources: cassettes: productюn process: talent: computer: personal fundamental: energy process; minimal. to 1nclude: fixed to distribute goods. to process natural resources: : JUSI а little bit capital: current assets: valuaЫe to produce goods а proЫem: to more: fashionaЫe clothes: luxшy vacations; to !асе in what quantities: stop wanting more: 11st of wants; to make choices: : either . or: scarce resources: to consist of; definition: human talent medical саге: as soon as: to include; such as.

[sab'd3ekt] 1 hщwl!lwцЬ-gliЬ-l, Ь-1.JrawrчЬ-l 2. UGflЧWJWQUGl

подчинять. подвегать. предоставлять

Read the fo\lowing itlternational words and translate them:

Give Armenian equivalents for:

Study the following words and use them in the sentences of your own:

object - n ('Jb<13ikt] 1. wr2wrчw 2 1.Jщwlllwlj предмет 2. цель object -

1 [ab'<13ekt] шr2wr,чЬ-l возражать present - n [preznt] 1 Qlibw. 1.J4Ь-r, подарок present - 1 [pri'zent] 1. uчrrЬ-l 2. uЬ-rчWJwgliЬ-l дарить 2. представить

Translate the derivatives of the following words: to distribute - distributюn - distributor - d1str1butive economy - econorll1c - ecoпom1st - econom1cal to consume - consumptюn - consumer to produce - producer - prodL1ction - productive - productivity limit - limitation - limited

Section 1 / L��s�_n__!

Section 1 / Lesson 1

use them in the Study the synonyms of the word "goods'' and se ntences of your own.

Goods, commodity. article. items. merchandise. product ware (s).

оп the Match the words on the left with the words and definitions right.

Wealthy 2. amount 3. goods 4. to meet 5. for example 6. to 1nclude 7. to benefit 8. lim1ted 9. scarce 10. broad 11. fundamental 12. JOb

wide work. labor for instance 4. restricted 5. гаге 6. quantity 7. items 8. to involve 9. basic 10. to satisfy 11. rich 12. to receive good

2. 3.

Translate the following paying attention to: а) participle II phrases:

each prodLJCt produced for consumption: each serv1ce offered: scarce resoшces LJSed in production: commodities needed for life:

Ь)

participle I phrases:

с)

Passive constructions:

hoping to produce high quality goods: allocating resources: involving all these questions. satisfy1ng people's mater1al and cultural requirements natural resources must Ье processed: they сап Ье used: individuals must Ье trained: а person's wants сап Ье unlim1ted

Translate the following sentences paying attention: d)

to the meaning of the underlined words.

Productюn 1s the total process Ьу which а company produces goods ог serv1ces 2. Natшal resources must Ье processed to ьесоmе а prodL1ct 3 They were given the subject for the report.

е)

4. When w1II you sub1ect your plans to ош consideratюn ? 5. These аге the tl11ngs wh1ch have been subjected IQ great changes. 6. Th1s is tt1e � of compulsory sub1ects 7 1 would like to make а list of all the 11eeded 1tems. 8. The well - knowп owner managers are too numeroLJS 10 list 9. ls that all the luggage you аге taking ? 1 О That 1s the ргоЫеm which greatly interests me 11. That's how they could solve that ргоЫеm 12. А пation's resources аге used to produce goods and services that will meet people's needs. 13. А market 1s а place where people meet with the aim of buy1ng апd selling. 14. Q_ap1tal resoшces arc: goods produced for the purpose of makiпg other types of goods and services. 15. Titles are always writteп w1tl1 capital letters. 16. When will the capital construction take place ? to the usage of the verbs "to Ье" and "to have"

We have to aпswer three fuпdamental economic questions 2. Productioп l1as four aims. 3. Productюп has taken place 4 We аге to solve the ргоЫеm 5. What...§ econom1cs'1 6. Land 1s used 1Q include all k1nds of natural resoшces. 7 The project 1s Ье1пg discussed at present.

1 О. Paraphrase the following sentences: 1. This definition raises certa1n 1ssues 2. Even wealthy people tend to have unlimited wants 3 We have to answer three ecoпomic questions 4. lnd1v1dLJals must Ье traiпed to perform differeпt sorts of work. 5. Goods and services аге produced to rтieet consurтieГs пeeds and wants. 6. Natural resources are provided Ьу nature. 7. Natural resources include oil. coal. and natural gas. 8. Allocatюп of goods and services 1s compl1cated 11. Answer the questions about the text 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

What does econom1cs study ? What issues does the defiпitюn of economics raise ? What do а natюn s resources cons1st of ? Characterize each of them. What аге the tt1ree fundamental econom1c questюns ? What is allocatюn ? What does the issue of allocatюn 1nclude ?

Section 1 /

LESSON 2

Kinds of Economics Е: ,1omics 15 а social sс1епсе tl,at seeks to arraпge апd descr1be the prodL. ,Jп. distributioп апd coпsuпiptioп of wealth The maJor d1v1sюпs of econ:· cs iпclude microecoпomics. апd macroecoпom1cs. tt,e word micrc ,d macro are Greek words meaпiпg small апd large. respectively Micrc'' Jпomics deals with the ber1avюr of coпsumers producers. апd mark,: • lп пiicroecoпom1cs we talk of 1пdiv1dual iпdustry. firm. or housc·,:ld. \',, measure the price of spec1f1c prodL1ct. the пumber of workers emp1: :d Ьу а siпgle firn1. the reveпue or 1псоmе of а particular firm or hous,·,Jld, or the expeпditures of а specific firm. 1·· ··1croeconomics we examiпe trie trees. поt the forest. 1· oks at how individual markets work апd how iпdividual producers апd . , sumers make t11e1r cho1ces апd with what coпsequeпces Th1s is dопе . aпalyziпg how relevaпt pr1ces of goods are determiпed апd the quaг�s that will Ье boL1ght апd sold t 'coecoпomics addresses qLJestioпs such as the followiпgs: How сап , ,mall busiпess owпer maxim1ze his or her profits ? How should а cons геr speпd inco1тie iп orde1 to rece1ve the highest level of satis· , :iоп ? -.,,se are just а few of the issues that the m1cro ecoпomist would cons н. '•,c.;roeco пom1cs foCLJses оп aggregates. Macroecoпomics examiпes eithf 1е economy a.s а. wl1ole or 1ts basic subdiv1sions or aggregates sucr ,, the goverпrтieпt l10Lisehold. апd bLJS1ness sectors An aggregate is а ectюn of spec1t1c econorтi1c Linits treated as 1f they were опе uпit Мае ,,conomics speaks of SLJCh econom1c aspects as total output. total em� 11ent. total rncome aggregate expenditures. and the general level of �, 35 in analyzrпg varroL1s есопоm1с proЫems No or very little atte· ,:n 1s given to specif1c L1п1ts mak1ng LJP the various aggr·egates мac,�conomics exc1rтi1nes the forest. 110t the trees

Lesson

The macro · mrcro d1st1пctюп uoes поt n,еап that every top1c сап Ье readily labeled as erther 111асг о or rnrcro: ma.ny toprcs апd subdrvisюns of economics are rooted iп both Example whrle the proЫem of ш1employment is usually treated as а macroeconomic top1c (becaL1se LJПemployment relates to a.ggregate spendiпg). ecorюmists recognrze Hiat the decision n,ade Ьу 1пd1v1dL1al wo1kers iп searchrng tor Jobs and the way specific product апd label markets operate are also cr1t1cal in determ1ning Н1е unemployment rate

Vocabulary Notes Consumption of wealth · hwriuLЛПLfaJW\J p_writ112ubriri uщwr211Lu, пот ребление богатства. благ Social science · hwuwriwцwцw\J cit•LЛПLfaJПLU. социальная наука То deal with · qnrio ПL\Jb\Jw[. wr2\Jtцbl иметь дело с кем-либо Behavior of consumers · UЩWГ2ПГ\UGГ)ГJ L[wri12wqrioQ. поведение потре бителей Single firm · wr2w\J6Г]\J пrin2wцri s'pr,r1uw. отдельная фирма The number of workers · W21'JLULЛп11utriri raL[w12wuwцQ количество ра бочих Specific product - nriп2wцri. wr2w\J6\JwhwLЛ11Lц Wf1LЛWf1f1WUQ специ фический (особенный. особый) продукт То determine prices · nrin2bl qubriQ устанавливать цены То address questions · hwrigbri пщ11Ь[. задавать вопросы А sm all business owner. uwu11 6br2uwriцwLЛbf1. владелец малого биз неса То spend profit (income)

- OWjUUb[ zwhПLJfaQ (bцwuпLLЛQ). тратить при бь,ль (доход) High level - P-Wf16f1 uwцw1111шц высокий урове нь Level of satisfactio n 1,,шLjLщ1w11цwoпLraJw\J uwцwrщwц. уровень /довлетворенности А few of the issues - hwrigtririg ut1 pwu riuQ некоторые из проблем As а whole · wup_nГ\2ПLfaJшup_ цbrigriwo. в целом. в общем То focus оп - цbuuirinuw\Jwl сосредоточить ся сконцентрироваться Basic s bd' · u 1v1sюn · s · hriLluшцшlJ buraшp_wdriuubri. основные подразделы

Section 1 / Lesson 2

подраз .:onomics - Ln\.JLЛt:iuwqt,LЛnLfcJW\.J t:;\.Jrcwpwdt,\.J. •1 делы ЗКОНОМt-1 1 , 1, арственный се1<тор Government S(,,.. 1or - щbLЛwцw\.J hwLЛLjwb. госуд . макрозкономичекая Macroeconornic, topic - Lfwцr,ntцn\.JntJtiцWJti rcЬLfw

Subdivision 01

тема (предме1 <,бсуждения) бизнеса Business sect() r - pt,qlJbut, hwLЛLjwO. сектор LUQ. валовый выпуск, Total output - 1L1,Jpnri.2Lt1цw\.J WJlLЛWГ)flW\.JQ. Wflr)JП производства все производсн10. вся продукция. общий обьем ая занятость Total employrne11t - LfltiЧ qpwri.LjwbnLfcJПL\.J. полн tuw11\.J WflLЛWГ)flWUQ, Total income _ wupn ri.2wцw\.J t:;цwLfnLLЛ. hwuw

what consequences. to examiпe the economy: to analyze the production: every topic: to make up various aggregates: macro economics exam,nes: the proЫems of unemployment: the number of workers: to address questюпs: in determ1п1ng: the highest level of sat1sfaction: such as the follow1ng 3.

LЛПLfcJWU ht,Lf\.Jwцw\.J b\.Jrcwpwdt,\.J\.Jbr,\.J [!Ul)Q[lЦПLU t:;\.J Lft,цr,ntцn \.Jnut,цw\.J W11[!U[ЦПLU t uщw11nri.\.Jbr,t, ЦW[lQWQbt, hbLЛ

wr,11JnL\.JQ\.Jbr,nLj LJbriLnLbblnLJ rcb tiuiщbu t\.J wщr,w\.JeutrФ q\.Jbr,Q uwhuw\.JLjnLL.f tiuiщbu щЬLЛQ t uщw11nri.o bwtuuti tiri bцwLfnLLЛQ ULЛWUWL pwLjwriwr,LjwbПLfcJWU wub\.Jwpwr,or, UWЦW[ll)WЦ Lfwц rintцn\.Jnut,цw\.J ht,Lf\.JLjwb t ou11hw\.Jr,wцw\.J gnLgwut,zubr,t, Ljr,w Lfwцr,ntцn\.Jnut,цw\.J ПLUПLL.f\.Jwuti11nLL.f t LЛULЛbUПLfc)ПLU[! wupnri.2nL

ь работу То search tor а job - wzllJШLЛW\.JQ Ljl\.JLЛflbL, искат : спрос и предложе Labor market - <.uztuwLЛW\.JQt, znLЦW. рынок труда

fcJWUp Ljbr,gr,wb WJ\.Jщt,ut, LЛULЛbuwqt,LЛWЦWU LЛbr,Lft,lilib[l. tiui щt,ut,12 b\.J WUPПГl_2WЦW\.J W[lLЛWl)[lWUQ[! [[lt,Lj qpWГl_LjWbПLfcJПLU[! ZWLЛ etit ПLZWl)flПLfcJПLU t l)W[loljПLU nr,nzwцti Lft,wLjnr,\.Jbr,t,\.J П[l

ние труда

уровень безрабоUnemployment rate - qnr,bwqr,цnLfcJW\.J Lfwцw[lr)WЦ.

щЬu wupnri.2nLfcJПL\.J w\.JhwLЛ wztuwLЛnri.\.Jbr,t, ЦWJwgr,wb nr,nznLL.f

тицы

\.Jbr, wztuwLЛWUQ ЦlULЛflbLtiu 4.

совокупные р.э< ходы Relate to - Ljt.r111pbr,bL иметь отношение

divide: to employ: to collect.

------ -- ---

-- -

Find in the text all the word comblnations containing the words: total; individual; firm.

Match the words and arrange them in pairs.

Translate tl1e following international words: economic aspect, macroecoп<,mics. microeconomics. specific product. ual. firm. analyze. aggregate. examine. econorлist. critical. 1ndivid address.

Find in the text nouns corresponding to the following verbs. Arrange them in pairs and translate them: to satisfy: to produce: to distribute: to consume to subdiv1de. to

Exercises ------ -

hwLЛПLЦ

W[lLЛWl)[lWUQt, qt,\.JQ w11wliot,Li '+'tiflUWJti bцwLfnLLЛ[! tiuiщtu b\.J w\.JhwLЛ uщw11nri.\.Jb[l[! ЦШLЛW[lПL U t,r,blig [!ULЛ[lПLfcJПLU[! tiuiщtiuti

ботицы

Find the equivalent for the following in the text: П[l[! Ц,П[lОПLU t Ljb[lLПLbbL l.J. UЦW[lWQflbL pwztunLU[! LЛULЛbuwqt,

сводные показате ли l. проблема безраUnemployment proЫern - qnr,bwq[lЦПLfcJW\.J tu\.JГ1tif

Give Armenian equivalents for: to seek: to analyze: to rлeasum the рг1се: the number of workers: with

общая сумма д,Jхода валовый доход То make up - цu1qLfb[. с:оставл,пь Level of prices - q\.Jbr,r UWЦW[lr)WЦ. уровень цен gnLgwut,zut:;r,, различные Various aggregates - LЛWflpbr, wup11ri.2wцw\.J

As if - цwr,bbLI l-1b. как будто ri.2wцw\.J bwruubri, Aggregate expC11ditures = Aggregate spending - wLfpn

Section 1 / Lesson 2

ma1or

definite, characteristic of а thing

expenditures

to look for. to seek

Section 1 / Lesson 2

5. 6.

8. 9. 1 О. 7.

3. bas1c

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Economics 1s а social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production. distribution. and consшnption of 1Nealth. Microeconom1cs deals with the behavюr of consumers producers and market. How are the pr1ces detып,,ned? Macroeconom1cs focL1ses on aggregates. мacroeconom1cs exam1nes eitl1er the economy as а hole or 1ts bas1c subdivisюns The way specific product and labor markets operate are also cr1tical in determ1ning the uпemployment rate Economists recognize that 11·1е dec1sюns made Ьу indiv1dual are cr1tical �vorkers in searcl,iпg for

Lesson 2

Just now= ПQht llOW - hblig \.mn. htug ht,Lfw, ht,Lfw - ТОЛЬКО ЧТО. сейчас JLJS!=fa1r:honest: ГiQГll - W["lf)W!l; W!lf)W["l gt,: 62UW[1t,LЛ, 6'12lЛ честный. справедливый. порядочный: как раз, именно

4. to Ье concerned w1th 5. expenses 6. to 1nvest1gate. to look at 7. sul,Ject of discourse. conversation 8. to concern 9. to get 1 О. to concentrate

Paraphrase the following sentences.

to relate to rece1ve to focus to search exam1ne spec1fic topic to deal w1th

Section 1

То seek

То seek= to look for= to search for - lj1UlЛ ГI t:;l - искать То seek=to try =to attempt - lj1nnobt, 2wu wt - пытаться, ста раться 9.

Translate the following paying а)

attention to

participle I phrases

Examin1ng some aspects of economy: dealing with the behavior of consumers; making their choices Ь)

с)

participle II phrases

The number of workers employed Ьу а single firm: а collectioп of specific economic lmits treated as if they were one unit; the decision made Ьу 1nd1vidual workers Gerund

lt's crucial in determining the unemployme nt rate: this is done Ьу aпalyzing various aspects of economy; wha t is the best way for solving that proЫem.

Study the synonyms and use thetn in the sentences of your own.

1 О. Put questions to the text.

11, Divide the text of the lesson into necessary logical parts. Find the key sentence in each part contain ing the main information. 12. Summarize the text.

То consider

То consider=to гegard l,wuwntL - попаrать То consider=IO 111111k over LfLЛwbtL ruпnhtL · размышпять То cons1der=lo take 11110 account: to take 1пtо consideration hw2L\ti wr.utl. uЦwLЛt, щutuwL nринимать в внимание учитывать 2.

Just

Just=merely щwnqшщtu попросту Just=exac1ly at th1s 1тюment 6t,2LЛ: htug l.mn htug ht,Lfw · как раз. топько что

section 1 Lesson з

LESSON 3

Economic goals

. AII econom1c systems, по matter of what kind they are, are supposed . . to have some goa1s 11 еconomic pol1C1es are dеsigned to ach1eve certam . а number of goals which are economic goals, then wе need to recogn1ze . widely accepted in тапу countпes They .�псlude·. economic growth, full employmen,t economic freedom, equ1·1 аЫе distribution of ,ncome, economic security. balance of trade. . . 1. Econom1c grow th The prodLJCtюn оf more and better goods and services тоге s,mply. develop а h gher standard of living. Реор1 е i . . h19her standards оf 1·iv1ng th1s year than last and want to enJOY . most hope that their ch1ldren w1II Ье even more prosperous than they are. . . 2. Full employment Su1taЫe Jobs should Ье provided (availaЫe) for all citizens who are w1 11ing and . аЫе to work . 3. Econom1c efficiency Ach1evement оf maximum benefits at . . . minimum cost us1ng the l1m1ted pro ductive resources ava,laЫe. . 4. Price level staь·1·1 1 1 у Avo1d large upsw1ngs and downsw1ngs in the . . .inflatюn general price leve1 , that is avo1d . and deflation. lf. оп the · . . average. pr1ces r1se or fall rap1dly, реор1 е may become confused . . about how mucl, the1r wages w1II buy. or whether to consume now . or invest n h opes of future returns. i . 5. EquitaЫe d1stп Ьu( юn of income No grou р of cit1zens should !асе . stark poverty wh I е оthers enJOY extreme luxury . Equity is another . . between the rich and the poor are word for fairnessI 11 d1spar1t1es . enormous. а few may enjoy great luxury wh1le most people live in misery. . . 6 Econom1c freedom Bus1ness execut.ives . workers and consumers . should en1oy а hi.gh degree of free dот 1n the1r economic act1v1t1es . . n should Ье made for those who are 7. Economic secur1ty Prov1sю chronically ill. disaЫed, hand .icapped aged or otherwise unaЫe to earn minimal levels of income.

Balance of trade - we sг ek а reasonaЫe (overa ll) business in our international trade and f1nanc1al transactюns. Although most о! us might accept these goals as ge nerally stated. we might also disagree substantia lfy оп their specific me an ings What are, "Jarge" changes in price leveJ? What is а, "high degre e" of economic freedom? What is an. "equitaЫe" distribution of income? How сап we measure precisely such abstr act goals as. "economic fre edom"? These objectives аге often the subJe ct of sp1rited puЫic deba te. Also. some of these goals аге complementary: wh en one is achieved, some other one will also Ье realized. For exam ple, achieving full employment means elimina ting unemployment. wh ich is а basic cause of inequitaЫe income distrib ution. But other goals ma y confl1ct or even Ье mutually exclusive. They must entail trade-offs, me aning that to achieve one we must sacrifice another. For example, efforts to equalize the distпbLJtion of 1ncome may weaken incentives to work, invest, innovate and take business ris , ks, all of wh1ch promote ec onomic growth. Taxing high-income people he avily and transferring the !ах revenues to low income people is on e way to equalize the dis tribution of income. But the 1ncentives to the n high-income indiv1duals may diminish because taxes reduce the higher ir rewards for working. Sim ilarJy, low-income individ may Ье less uals motivated to work wh en government stands subs1dize th rea dy to em. When goals conf11ct. society must develop а system of priorities for lhe objectiv es it seeks. lf more econ om ic fre edom is accompanied Ьу economic less security and more econ omic secuпty allows les freedom. s ec on om ic society must assess the trade-offs and dec1de on (bestJ ba the optimal lance between them. в.

Vocabulary Notes

Economic goals - LЛ1.нлt:;u шц ш1J 1.JщшLЛшцut'11. эко номические цели Д f"IIJmber of. tJti 2Ш 11J2, МНОГО, целый РЯ Д Widety accepted - [WJ1Jn 11t:;u OUf1ПLlJ4wb, обще принятый Economic growth - LЛI JLЛl:iuшцwu ш6, экономи че ский рост tandard ot living цt. uuwuwцw11f1wч. уро вень изни ж щr emplo yment · t11nч. qp wriч.wonцoJnLlJ, полная занятость

- --

n 3 on 1 - / Lesso Secti----- -- -

---- --· -------

- -

LЛUb[lQ. богатые и бедные The rich and the poor - hwrnшLЛ\Jb[lQ l.J.wf1f'W

. соответствующая раSuitaЫe job - hwruwщwLЛwuruw\J w2ruwLЛWUf' бота

LЛПLfё,JПLU

Economic efficiency - LЛ\JLЛbuwцw\J W[ll)JПLUWl{b

ческая эффективность

экономи-

LLI\Jb[l, подъемы и спады

Upswings and downswings - LlbflbLf'Ub[l l.J. w\Jцn мальная прибыль Maximum benefit - wr1wL1bLwqnLJ\J 2whnLJ[ё}, макси

с наименьшими расхоAt minimum cost - uчwqwqnLj\J OW[UUb[lПl{,

дами

стабильность уровня цен

Price level staЬility - q\Jbrti цwJnL\J Lfwцwr11wц. L\J. экономическая своEconomic freedom - LЛ\JLЛbuwцw\J wqwLЛnLrc,Jn

бода

сти ln misery - шwчnflПLfё,JW\J ub2, в нищете. в бедно l, цwr1wчwrti1_\Jb[l, bfl\Jb[ Lfb\Jb2 ГJ6w\J Business executives - pw[l6[lWULЛ выше управляющие менеджеры fl wuLЛti6w\J, высокая А high degree of freedom - wqwLЛПLfё,JW\J pw[l6

section 1 / Lesson

тивность

безработицу Basic cause - htiu\Jwцw\J щwLЛ6wr:2 основная причина То entail trade - off - hw\Jqbg\JbL Ljlnruqti2uw\J. повлечь (привести) к компромиссу То take а business risk - wr1l.J.LЛ[lWJГJU r11h•u1ч,h nh· 'ЬL, Идтина деловои риск 1•·,1,u . . H1gh income people - PWfl6[l bцwLfnLLЛ nL\Jbgnf1 p\Jwц1_nLrc,JnL\J насе ление, имеющее высокие доходы Тах revenue - hw[lЦWJГJU bцwLfnLun, доход от налогов. налоговые по ступления Low income people - gwb[l bцwLfnLLЛ nL\Jt:;gnf1 p\Jwц1_nL[ё}JПL\J. населе

ние. имеющее низкие доходы То reduce reward - Ц[l6WLЛbL Г1U[lW�ПLUПLUQ

То some extent - nrn2wцti 1_wLjlnL[, до некоторой степени At (оп, upon) the average - Lfti2tiu hw2L[nL[, в среднем

Exercises 1'

Economic

баланс Balance of trade - wr1l.J.LЛ[lГ1 hw2L[bц2tir1. торговый ународная торговля межд . .LЛПL[l J wr1l. i\J lnternational trade - uti2wqqwJt

. финансовые опеFinancial transactions - 'f>ti\Jw\Juwцw\J qn[lOW[lf'Ub[l

рации

гать цели

То achieve а goal - hwu\JbL \JщwLЛwцti\J, дости , осуществлять цель То realize а goal - tirwцw\Jwg\JbL \JщwLЛWЦQ

Give Armenian equivalents for:

certaiп: to recognize, to include economic growth: to Ье aged to Ье d1saЫed: to avo1d availaЫe: to Ье willing economic security luxury mutual: exclus1ve: complementary: to point out to transfer tax revenue: to seek objectives: pr1ce staЬility: suitaЫe jobs: to avoid upswings and downswings enormous: fairness: equity: confused:

безопасность

в Level of income - bцwuLЛГJ Lfwцwr11wц. уровень доходо доход ать получ То earn income - чwuLЛwЦbL bцwunLLЛ

_ -----�]

Read and translate the following international words:

ecoпomic system: efficiently: stability: maximum: minimum: productive resources: general inflation group: chronically: balance: financial.

бодой

ведливое распределение доходов ерная роскошь Extreme luxury - bwJ[lWhbf1 212bf1ПL[ё}JПLU, чрезм нуться с бедностью столк То face poverty - pwruчbL Wf1f'WLЛПL[ё}JWUQ. экономическая security - LЛ\JLЛbuwцw\J w\Jl{LЛw\JqnL[ё,JПL\J,

L[W[l6WUl[lПL[ё,JПLUQ,

уменьшить вознаграждение

nL\J. наслаждаться своТо enjoy freedom - oqLЛl{bL, L[wJbLbL wqwLЛnLrc,J W9Г1 pw2runLLI, спраEquitaЫe distribution of income - bцwuLЛti Wflf1Wfl

То eliminate unemployment - L[brwg\JbL qnrbwq[lЦПLfё,JПL\JQ. устранять

степень свободы

nL\J. экономическая акEconomic activity - LЛ\JLЛbuwцw\J qnrbnL\J bnL[ё,J

freedom. 3.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text:

PПLПfl Ln\JLЛbuwцw\J hwuwцwrqb[lQ nrin2wцti LЛ\JLЛbuwцw\J \Jщw LЛwц\Jb[l П[lПUf' LWJUП[lb\J QUl)ПL\JL[wb b\J 2WUl b[lЦ[lUb[lПLU bцw UQLЛГJ Wfll)WflW9Г1 PW2[UПLLI. wqwLЛПL[ё}Jw\J wr1wL[bLWQПLJ\J wuLnti6w\J WUЦW[lПf1 LГJUbL L[wUUlWЦbLПL bЦWUUlГJ \JL[wqwqnLJU Lfw-

Section 1 / Lesson 3

---- - - -

чwr111wч t:.rp t.It, uщwLЛwlфlJ hwu bL bu ht,t.IlJwцwlJ щwLЛ6wn цnlJ�LtiЧLЛWJt,lJ UЩWLЛwцubri hwrчt:.rti hwL[wQПLUQ Ц[16WLЛПLU t wblф ЩW[)qU.WLЛ[)ПLfaJПLUQ. L[W[16WLЛ[)ПlfaJПLUQ. hwL[wuwrt:.glJbL bцwt.ILЛt, PW2r.JПLUQ pw[16[1 bцwt.In LLЛ ПLubgn[l t.Iwrrфч. UW[)l)t"IЧ LЛWГ1WЩПLU blJ 2WLЛ pwlJL[ПГJUb[) tblJ ЦW[)Пfl qLЛlJbL W2r.JWLЛWUQ gwlJЦWLt, t wL[bLti pw[)6[1 цbuuwt.Iwцw[)l)WЧ WJU Ч,ULЛ[)L[ПLU t 4.

Find all the word comblnations with the word "economic" and use them in the sentences of your own.

Give antonyms to the following words:

Section 1 / Lesson 3 8.

in the production of these goods. 3. Statistics is а science of collecting, classifying and using numbers which express facts. 4. There is а general agreement between the numbers of the company. 5. What's the general goal of the new program ? 6. ln general marketing directs the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. 7. Generally speaking production aims at producing both goods and services. 8. The employment of statistical methods is of great importance for the correct understanding of economic proЫems. 9. Achieving full employment means eliminating unemployment. 1О. What's the basic cause of poverty? 11. Those changes � great difficulties in all spheres of economy.

Match the words оп the right with the words and definitions оп the left:

1. 2. 3. 4. 6.

to transfer to design to eliminate to reduce to assess standard

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

substantial equity equitaЫe aged subject debate

to lower to liquidate, to abolish essential, vital to plan 5. to estimate 6. fair 7. to move. to send from one person. place to another 8. old 9. level 10. fairness 11 topic, theme 12. discL1ssion, argument 1.

2. 3. 4.

Paraphrase the following sentences:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

People suffer when many workers cannot find jobs and many manufacturing plants and much machinery sit idle. lf disparities between the rich and the poor are enormous, а few may enjoy great luxury. while most people live in misery. Which is а basic cause of inequitaЫe income distribution? SuitaЫe jobs should Ье availaЫe for all willing and аЫе to work. When basic goals conflict. society has to develop а system of priorities for the objectives it seeks.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words:

1. We need to recognize а number of goals which are widely accepted in many countries. 2. А large number of people are involved

minimum, higher, misery, rapid. to fall, employment, equal. low-income people, more, ill, upswings. аЫе_ 6.

Answer the questions:

1. 2. 3. 4.

What goals should people recognize ? What do economic goals include ? . How сап economic goals Ье characterized? What's the employment of economic goals in people's life ?

section 1 / Lesson 4

LESSON 4

The Importance and Role of Economics А basic understanding of economics is essential if we are to Ье well informed citizens. Most of today's political proЫems have important economic aspects: How vital is it that we balance the budget? How сап ? we make the social security retirement programme financially secure ? Why do we continue to have large 1nternational trade deficits How сап ? we best reduce pollution ? What must we do to keep inflation in check

What сап Ье done to boost the country's productivity and economic ? growth? Are existing welfare programs effective and justifiaЫe Do we need to reform our tax system ? How should we respond to growing ? market dominance Ьу а few firms in some sectors of the economy As voters, we сап influence the decisions of our elected officials in

responding to such questions. But knowledge at the polls requires а basic working knowledge of economics. And а sound grasp of economics is even more helpful to the politicians themselves. ° Economics lays great stress on precise, systematic anatysis Thus, studying economics helps students improve their analytical skills, which

are in great demand in the workplace. Also. the study of economics helps us mаке sense of the everyday activity we observe around us. How is it that so many different people, in so many different places, doing so many ? different things, produce exactly the goods and services we want to buy Economics provides an answer. Economics is а vital discipline. lt is of practical value in business. An understanding of the basics of economic decision-making and the operation of the economic system enaЫes business managers and executives to increase profit. The executive who understands when to use

new technology, when to merge with another firm, when to expand employment, and so on. will outperform the executive who is less quick at such decision-making. The manager who understands the causes and consequences of recessions-downturns in the overall economy-can make more rational business decisions during these periods

Economics helps consumers and workers make better buying and employment decisions. How сап yoL1 spend your limited money income to rriaximize your satisfaction ? How сап you hedge against the reduction in t11e dollar's purchasing power that accompanies iпflation ? ls it more economical to buy or lease а саг ? Should you use а credit card or рау cash ? Which occupations рау well ? Which occupations are most immune to unemployment? Similarly, an understanding of economics makes for better financial decisions. Someone who understaпds the relationship betweeп budget deficits and iпterest rates, betweeп foreign exchange rates апd exports, betweeп iпterest rates and bond prices, is iп а better position to allocate persoпal saviпgs successfully. So, too. is someoпe who uпderstands the busiпess implications of emerging new techпologies. ln spite of its practical beпefits however. you should know that. ecoпomics is mainly an academic. поt а vocational subject Unlike accouпtiпg, advertising, corporatioп fiпance, апd marketiпg, economics is поt primarily а how - to make money area of study. А kпowledge of ecoпomics will help you run а busiпess or manage personal finaпce. but this is поt its primary objective. lп ecoпomics, proЫems are usually examiпed from the �ocial. rather thaп the persoпal. poiпt of view. The production, exchaпge. апd coпsumption of goods апd services are discussed from the viewpoiпt of society as а whole. rather than from the standpoint of опе's baпkbook. As а social scieпce. economics examines the behavior of individuals апd institutions eпgaged iп productioп. exchange, апd consumption of CJQods апd services.

Vocabulary Notes То Ье well - informed - Lf1UG[ LWЧ LЛbrtbцwg4wo. быть хорошо осведом пенным Social security - hwuwr1wцwцwl.J wu4LЛwuqnLfcJПLU, wщwhn4ПLfcJПLl.J, социальная безопасность lnternational trade deficit - uri2wqqw1riu WГJU.LЛfl[l f1G'f)f19f1LЛ, дефицит r�еждународной торговли Го keep in check - huцnrtПLfcJWl.J LЛWЦ L!brigut:;l, держать под кон1Ролем

Section 1 / Lesson 4

ln spite of - iuшJшb, несмотря на

From the viewpoint (of) =from the standpoint (of) - LЛt"uш1.J4JnL1.Jt,g, LЛb

uшljt"LЛt,g, с точки зрения Rather than - ni �t". но не: а не То reduce pollution - цr,бшLЛt"L Шl'J.LЛПLЛПLU(!, сокращать загрязнение То boost productivity - p.шr,tir,шg1.Jt"L шr,LЛш11r,nri.шцш1.JnL�JnL\.J[!, повы сить производительность Economic growth - LЛULЛt"uшцш\.J шб, экономический рост Тах system - hшr,цшJt,1.J hшuшцшr,q. налоговая система То respond to such questions - щшLЛшutuш1.Jt"L шJ11щt,ut, hшr,gt"r,t,1.J, отвечать на такие вопросы Elected officials - [!1..ILЛr,L\шb щш2LЛnlJJш1.Jt"r,, выборные должностные лица То have а working kl'lowledge (of) - qnr,01.Jшцш\.JnLu LЛt,r,шщt"LЛt"L, практически владеть То lay great stress = emphasize - 2t-2LЛt"L, o.u11qbt"L, hшLЛПLЦ 1.J2ш1.Jш4nL �JПLU LЛШL, придавать особое значение Precise analysis - 62qr,t,LЛ, 6t,2LЛ, L\t"f1LПLbnt�JnL1.J, точный анализ То Ье in great demand - ut"b щшhш1.J2шr,ц nL1.Jt"1.JШL, иметь большой спрос Vital discipline - цшr,u.nr,, tшцш\.J 11t,ugtiщLtiuш (qt,LЛnL�Jш\.J 6Jnщ), важная дисциплина (отрасль науки) То provide an answer - шщшhnL\t"L щшLЛшutuш\.J(!, обеспечить То improve skills - p.шr,t"LШL\t"L huLЛПL�JnL1.J1.Jt"r,(!. улучшать навыки То Ье in great demand - ut"b щшhшu2шr,ц nL1.Jt"1.JшL, иметь большо • спрос То make sense - t,uшuLЛ[! hшuцш1.JшL, понять смысл То еnаЫе executives (managers) - h\Jшr,шчnr,nL�JПLU LЛШL ri.t-чшчшr,1.Jt"r,t,1.J, давать возможность руководителям То increase profit - p.шr,tir,шg1.Jt"L 2шhnLJ�[!. увеличить прибыль То expand employment - p.шr,t.ir,шg\.Jt"L qp.шri.L\шbnL�JПLU(!, повысит занятость So on - шнu. и так далее Economic system - LЛ1.JLЛt"uшцш1.J hшuшцшr,q, экономический строй Causes of recession - шuцuш\.J щшLЛ6шn1.Jt"r,(!, причины спада

Section 1 / Lesson 4

consequences of recession - ш\Jцuш\.J ht"LЛu.шueut-r,o.. последствия

спада

Purchasing power - qunri.nLuшljnL�JnL\J, покупательная способность, платежеспособность Welfare programme - p.шr,t"цt"gnL�Jш\.J or,wqt,r,, программа по улуч шению бытовых условий(благосостаяния) Budget deficit - P.JПL2t"ti 11t-,:Pt,gt,LЛ, дефицит бюджета Exchange rate - LЛШf1Шf1f1Шut, ц,ntuшuшцuш\J ljnLr,u, валютный курс lnterest rate - LЛn4nuш11r,nчe, процентная ставка То make better - LШL\шg\Jt"L, p.шr,t"LШL\t"L, улучшить То maximize one's satisfaction - ut"цt, p.шL\шr,шr,ntu[! шnшL\t"Lшqnчut, hшug\Jt"L, максимизировать удовлетворение чьих - то потребностей Limited money income - uшhuш\JшЦ,ШЦ f1[1ШUШЦШU GЦШUПLLЛ, ограни ченный денежный доход То lease а car - ut-et-1.Jш чшr,tiшцшLt"L, арендовать машину Credit card - чшr,цшJt,\J ешr,LЛ, кредитная карта То рау cash - цшutut,ц L\бшr,t"L, платить наличными То Ье in а position to do (something) - t, 4t,6шцt, Lti1.Jt"L ш\Jt"LПL (nr,u.t р.ш\.J), быть способным сделать (что - пибо) То allocate personal savings - p.ш2tut-L ш\Jtiuшцш\J tuuшJПГ\ПL�JnL1.J1.Jt" f1(!, размещать личные сбережения

Exercises 1.

Translate the following international words or word comblnations into Armenian.

sectors: credit cards: budget deficit: technology; tax system: political proЫem: analysis: academic: corporation finance: social: personal; finance: examine: institutional: analytical skills: business manager, accompany: inflation. 2.

Give Armenian equivalents for:

to Ье well-informed: pollution: in check: growing: essential: vital: social security: existing welfare programme: to respond: to observe; to provide ап answer: exactly: understanding; to merge: overall economy: behavior; unlike: science: viewpoint; area of study:

Section 1 / Lesson 4 advertising: vocational: however; as voters: knowledge; to require; in spite of; а vital discipline; so оп.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text. PW [l O [l Wg\JbL UlUUlbuwчwu w6Q. WГJЧW pwrbчbgnL[ё,JWU O[lWq[lb [l Q W [l l)JПLUWL{bUl b\J. UlUUlbUПL[ё,JWU П[lП2 6JПLгtb[l ПLU. П[lЩЬU QUU1[lПf1Ub[l . U1UU1buwqt,U1ПL[ё,JWU ht,uuwчwu hwuчwgnL[ё,JПLU. щw

u,wut,Jw\JbLПЧ WJUЩt,ut, hw[l gb[lt,U. l)ПLJ2 ti\JiЩb u ЧWflПгt ье oq UlWQП [l ObL ob[l uwhuw\JWЦ,WЧ l) [l WUWJt,\J bЧWUПLUlQ. l)ПLJ2 ЧOQ

U1WQП [l Ob j2 . q\Jb L, rc,b L{W [l O.WЧWLbL Ubj2b\Jw П L{ t hwuчwunLU

ut,2wqqwJt,\J WГJU.Ul[lt, l)b�t,gt,ui. huчbL t,\J� LJW gt,w\J. PWJ9 l)W UflW wr,w21JwJt,\J uщwuiwчo. iC b[lp oquiwqn[lbbL uwu\Jwqt,uinL[ё,JПLUUb[lU b\J LWЧ L{W[lOWUl[l

чwu t,J\JwJПf1ПL[ё,JПLUUb[l Q. qn[lOUWЧWUПLU U1t,[l WЩbU1bL U1UU1buw

nouns of the following verbs:

to pollute; to decide; to operate: to employ; to reduce: to occupy. Ь)

12. to respond

12. aim

13. security

13. to answer

Paraphrase the following sentences.

1. exact

2. to еnаЫе

2. to combine with another firm

3. vital

3 to increase

4. to boost

4. necessary. highly important. essential

5. quick

5. chiefly

6. cause

6. rapid

7. mainly

7. protection. state of safety

8. objective

8. reason

Economics lays great stress оп precise systematic analysis. lt enaЫes business managers to increase profit. The manager should understand the causes and consequences of recessions. Which occupations рау weil ? How should we respond to growing market dominance in some sectors of economy? Economics provides an aпswer.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words. long will it take you to check the financial statement of this company ? 3 lt's essential to understand the relationship between budget deficits and interest rates. between foreign exchange rates and exports. 4 How сап the current economic growth rate Ье characterized ? 5 The rate of output greatly depends оп labor productivity 6. А worker's qualification is reflected in his rates of рау.

Match the words and definitions: 1. to merge

Economics is а vital discipline. What сап Ье done to boost the country's productivity a1'!d

1 What measures should Ье taken to keep inflation in check ? 2 How

adverbs of the following adjectives: financial; exact; similar; primary.

11. result. effect

Find from the text: а)

11. executive

6. 7.

uwu\Jwqt,U1ПL[ё,JПLUUb[l\J b\J wub\JwqqWJПLUQ QП[l OWQ [l ЧПL[ё,JWU uчwuiuwup: 4.

1О. а регsоп in а administrative positюn

3. 4. 5.

L{ПLU. hwuwrwчnLrc,Jw\J uibuwuчJnL\Jt,g. wчbLti LWЧ pw2tl.JbL w\Jo\Jw qt,U1ПL[ё,JWUQ. П

1О. precise

economic growth ?

LWЧ 11tiflJ2ПLU

9. to make аЫе. to supply with means

чwщо. pJnL2bt, 11ь�t,gt,uit, u uinчnuw11rnчeti ut,2u LtiuьL wчьLti

UП[l uibt,J\Jnlnqt,w. П

9. consequence

section 1 / Lesson 4

Study the word comblnations containing the word "rate" and use them in the sentences of your own. lnterest rate - uinчnuwl)[lПLJJ2. процентная ставка Exchange rate - UlW[lWl)flWUt, ЧПLflU, валютный курс Wage rate=pay rate - w2t,Jwuiwчwrot, l)flПLJE, ставка заработной платы

----�---------------- Section 1 / Lesson 4 Rate of employment · qpw11LjwonчaJwl.J uwцwf1Г\WЦ. уровень заня тости Rate of unemployment · qn11owq11цnчaJwl.J uwцwf1Г\WЦ. уровень безработицы Rate of profit · 2whnчrar UПf1UW. Н.Jрма прибыли Economic growth rate . LЛULЛt;uwцwl.J wor LЛЫЩ. темп ЭКОНОМИ· ческого роста Discount rate · qb11tuwl.J (LЛnцnuw)Г\/1ПLJJ2, hw2цw11цuwl.J Г\f1ПLJJ2. ставка дисконта . учетная ставка Тах rate · hwrцuwl.J Г\/1ПLJJ2, налоговая ставка Put questions to the text.

10. Summarize the text.

LESSON 5

Why Study Business вusiness involves the exchange of goods. services and money for mutual benefit or profit. We need to stL1dy business because: 1.

We have become so interdependent on others, both individually and as а nation.

No mat1er how independent we may Ье, almost everyone depends оп others. Few people today produce everything they need or use; а complex division of labor has encouraged us to not Ье self-sufficient. For example, you buy food at the local supermarket: you drive а саг manufactured in Michigan. You go to schools built Ьу carpenters, bricklayers, and cement workers. 2.

lncreasing globalization of business will bring many opportunities.

The new era of business performance in an international market place will require business leaders who know how to start, operate and sustain businesses. Business negotiations. joint ventures between companies in different countries, travel across borders, investment across geographical boun daries, and working for foreign-owned enterprises are becoming commonplace. То function in such а world each of us must understand the principles of business. З.

We strive to maintain and improve our standard of living.

Standard of living describes the amount of goods and services that an average family or individual views as necessary. 4·

Coping with change

Business is dynamic-always changing. Coping with both predictaЫe and unpredictaЫe events сап Ье easier. more efficient. and less traumatic if Vve understand business. Prices increase or decrease, products are added, needs change, services are created to meet needs, laws are Passed, and unexpected events occur-for example, the October 19, 1987

- - --- ------ �eco_<>�_l_ /__l_E:!��r:1- � -

(major), and October 1 З, 1989 (minor), stock market crashes. These all have been а part of the dynamic business.

We will Ье аЫе to separate fact from fiction in business issues. Understanding business also prevents our accepting misconceptions,

misinformation, and inaccurate data as truth

Vocabulary То study business - ПLUПLUUwut,ribL pt,q\JbuQ, изучать бизнес Exchange of goods - wщriwu121JЬ-rir цinr-uwuwljnL[cJПLU, обмен товаров Exchange of services - bwГJWJПLfcJПL\J\Jbr,t, цinr-uwuwljnL[cJПLU, обмен

unexpected events - w\Juщwub[ll hriw11wrionL[cJПL\Jub1,, неожиданные события

Stock market - wr,dbrc11raЬ-rir 2ПLЧW, �ПUl)WJl,\J pnr,uw, рынок ценных бумаг, фондовая биржа Dynamic business · 111,uwut,Lj pl,q\Jbu. динамичный бизнес

вusiness issues - qnr,owriwri hwr,gbr,. деловые вопросы lnaccurate data - nt ULЛПLJq LЛЦJW[\Jbr,, неточные сведения то соре with - hw11rcwhwr,b[, преодолеть

Exercises

услугами No matter - чwщ tnL\JI,, u2wuwljnL[cJПL\J tnL\JI,, неважно. не имеет зна чения

Local supermarket - LЛb11wчwu hwuriwr-uwunL[c, местный супермаркет lnternational market place - Lfl,2wqqwJl,\J znLljw, международный ры

globalization; ега; function; principles; standard; fact; fiction; efficient; accurate; complex.

1abor; to buy food; business negotiations; joint ventures; foreign mv:ied enterprises: to functюn in such а world: as necessary;

Business leader - OGГ2UWГ1ЧПL[cJWU 11Ь-чwчwг�, руководитель предпри

predictaЫe and unpredictaЫe events: to add products; to accept

ятия

реговоры

Joint venture - hwuwLЛb'l. obr2uwriчnL[cJПL\J, совместное предприятие Foreign - owned enterprises - wr,LЛwuwhuw\JJw\J obr2\Jwr,ljnL[cJПL\J\Jbr,, инностранные предприятия

The principles of business - pl,q\Jbut, uljqpnL\JQ\Jbr,Q, принципы бизнеса Standard of living - ljb\Juwuwчwri11wч, жизненный уровень The amount of goods - wщr,w\JQ\Jbr,t, 12wuwljQ, количество товаров PredictaЫe events - чwur-uwLЛbUb[ll rriw11wrionL[cJПLUUGГ1, предсказуе мые события

То pass а law - QUl)ПLUG[ or,b\JQ, принимать закон

Give Armenian equivalents for: to involve; mutual benefit: to study business; по matter; division of

нок

То sustain (а) business - щwhщw\Jb[ pl,q\JbuQ, поддерживать бизнес То operate (а) business - LjwribL pl,q\Jbu, вести бизнес Business negotiations - qnr,buwчwu pwuwчgnL[cJПLUUGГ1, деловые пе

Read and translate the following international words:

nation: local supermarket: service: leader: bottle: dynamic; business;

Division of labor - w2r-uwLЛwu12r pwdw\JnLU, разделение труда lncreasing globalization of business - pt,q\Jbul, w6n11 QLПPWLWQПLU, растущая глобализация бизнеса

Se�oon 1 /_ Lesson 5

rnisconception; as truths; to occur: increasing globalization; to become common-place standard of living

Find English equivalents for the followings in the text: ц,nr-uzwhwLjbLЛПL[cJWU hwuwr,. pl,q\JbUQ UGГ,WГ2ПLU t WЩГ,WUQUG [11,, OWГ2WJПL[cJПLUUGГ,I, ljwu ЦlП'l.1, ц,nr-uwuwljПL[cJПLUQ Lfbq hW[1ЧWЦПГ1 t ПLUПLLfuwut,ribL pt,q\JbuQ. Lfb\JQ 11wriob[ b\JQ WJUQw\J цinr-uчwr-uчwь UJПLU\Jbr,t,g qr,brcb РП[ПГ1Q чшr-uцwЬ b\J UJПLUUG[11,g EJ!li UW[11)1,lj WJU0[1 РWГ11) wzr-uwLЛWUQI, pwdw\JПLU 1,\Jtщbu Ljw Г1G[ pt,q\JbuQ qnriowriwri pwuwчgnL[cJПLUUG[1 QUЧGГ1ПL[cJПLUUG[11, Lft,2LL UGUQ 2WUПLU GUQ щwhщw\Jb[ LL pwrioriwg\Jb[ ubri ljb\Juw Lfwчwri11wчo. wщriwu121JЬ-rir LL OWГ2WJПL[cJПLUUGГ11l QWUWЧQ (bw ЦWLQ), phq\JbUQ 1)1,\Jwlfl,lj С ljwur-uwLЛGUG[I, lJ. w\Jljwur-uwLЛGUG[I, hriw11wrionLrcJnL\Jubri qubr,Q pwrioriwunLLf чwu h21JnLLf b\J щw hwu2LfnL\JQ\JbГ1Q ц,nц,nr-JLjПLLf b\J or,b\JQUGГ,Q QUl)ПLUЦПLLf b\J w\J-

__ __ _

_ ------�--

_ Section 1 / Lesson 5_

se��ion_!J Lesso�_

15. busiпess 16. to view

UЩWUG[t, t,[1WГ\W[16ПL[oJПLUUG[l[! UlGfl.t, l:;\.J ПLUGUПLU. UlW[lWUj?WUlG[ lt,WUUl[! ,:Pt,цgt,W]t,Q. 4.

Change the meaning of the following words using the prefixes:

в.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Study the synonyms of the word "labor". Use them in the sentences 9.

of your own.

1. Work; labor; job; employment 6.

productivity: means of labor; obJect of labor: skilled labor; paid labor; necessary labor; universal labor; semiskilled labor; useful labor;

а)

Ь)

Match the words and arrange them in pairs: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 О. 12. 13. 14.

to occur to pass (а law) to sustain to operate standard to start accurate data to involve to strive to function to increase to manufacture to improve

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14.

level to begin correct information to adopt to happen, to take place to run to keep. to keep alive to work. to act to iпclude to try hard. to make effort enterprise to consider to make or become better in q uality, staпdard. value

15. to produce 16. to rise. to go up

Business involves the exchange of goods. services ог moriey. You drive а саг manufactured in Michigan. Business leaders know how to start. to operate business. Few people today produce everything they need. We strive to improve our standard of living. Laws аге adopted. Prices increase or decrease. Understanding business also prevents our accepting r ni sinfor mation.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to:

Translate the word comblnations containing the word "labor": labor

Paraphrase the following sentences.

Arrange them in pairs and translate them:

- practical; аЫе; expected; employment; predictaЫe l n - dependent; dependence; ability directly; direct; accurate mis - to inform; information; to read; to print; to judge; to understand; understanding. l m - possiЫe; moral ; polite. l nter - dependent; dependence; cl1ange; connected. lr - regular; rational.

�------ __ _ ______ ________

с)

phrases with participle 1.

buying food at the local supermarket; accepting accurc;i te data; finding new sources of information phrases with participle 11.

а саг manufactured in Michigan; schools built Ьу worke rs: facts separated from fiction; laws passed; То infinitive

1. То function in such а world each ot us must undeгs rand the principles of business. 2. То achieve success businesses must determine vihat the consumer needs and desires are. 3. То produce modern computers is а task of great importance . 4. The aim of all production is to satisfy people's wants. 5. We didn't expect him to operate his business so succu ssfull y. 6. Не decided to change his job as soon as possiЫe. 7. Не was the first to learn the latest news. То different mec1nings of the underlined words.

1 · Standard of living describes the amoL1nt of goo ds and services that ап average family views as песеs�.агу 2. Не viewed their new house with great interest.

Section 1 / Lesson 5

3. 4. 5. 6.

This subJect may Ье vie��ed iп different ways. 1 need postcards with views of E_E!I_i� When will t!:e exchange �,f_viev,..§. take р1асе ? His views always differ from ours. His views are progressive

1 О. Questions for discussion:

1. What does business involve ? 2. What is meant Ь; "we have l,ecome so iпterdependent on others ? " 3. What will increasing \Jlobalizatior, of business bring ? 4. How do you understaгd the view "Business is dynamic ? " 5. Why do we need to stu гJy busir1ess 7

LESSON 6

People Form the Саге of Busaness ThP l1uman element is the core of busiпf:iss. Business needs people c1.s ov,пers, managers. empioyees апd consurners. Pecpie need business for tne production of goods and servic(ЭS iп creation of job. Whether rJ1Jsiness is transacted in Mexico. Car,ada or Niagara ,юеs not matter. Businesses may Ье operated differently ап,j the ot11ect1vгs of businesse:ё. may differ. but the universal element in all b,Jsrness activities is people. Owners - People, 111Jho О\'VП а business as 1:ell as Нюsе 1/1,ho invest money in one, do so because Нюу expect to earn а profit. f\lost of the giant corporatioпs, such as Gerн;)ral Motors. Eai,lman, апd Koclak are owпed Ьу the large numbers of peopk,. \Vr1en rпE1l,1г,�J decisioпs. the professional maпagers in btJsiness orgaпize1tions пеесJ to coпsider the owпers апd 111Jhat they expect from the bus1ne,;s. Manager - Thr, peгson respo11:,,iЫe lor r)pcrating the bu�;iness гпау Ье tnб ovmer (an 01н1еr-. manager. also calleCI ап rэпtrepreпeur or а professio11al гт1апаgеr employed Ьу the ovmer). Both types of rт1anagers seek to achiev,, pr·ofit, growth, survival and social responsibilrty. The owner - n1anager sets his or r1er ovm obJectives. whereas а professional manager attempts to objectives set Ьу others. The prc,fes · sюпаl manager is accountaЫe ю the owner of the business, who ju,jges the manager's performance lYy l1ovv well tl1eir obJectives have been accomplished over а period of tirne. Many of these business O\\lпers are entrepreneurs. people who take the risks necessary to organize and manage а business and receive tr,e fiпc1ncial profit and no moпetary rewards. Tr1e entrepreneur is expected to Ье innovative, practical ancJ strong <\•111ed. This view was acttJally estaЫished years ago Ьу famous Austrian 00conomist Joseph Schumpeter. The owner-managers who fit Schumpeter"s descr1ptюn are too 11umerous to list. Employees - Employees have the skills апd object1ves needed to provide '1 product or service and to earn а profit. Most employees expect to '(;ceive an equitaЫe wages or salary and to Ье give11 gradual iпcreases in

--------�---�--------- Section 1 / lesson б the amount they are paid for the use of their skills and abilities. То compete with other businesses. а business enterprise needs а committed and effective team of employees. Cбnsumer - А person who purchases а good or service for personal use. А business enterprise attempts to satisfy consumer needs and desires while earning а profit То do so. business must determine what those consumer needs and desires are. Because consumers continually want more adjustments to accommodate the demand when а need or desire for products ог services exists, а business сап earn а profit Ьу supplying it promptly and efficiently.

Vocabulary notes Human element - uwriГ\ЧWJt,\J qnг,on\J. человеческий фактор Universal element - hwu[!\JГ)hw\JnL[l LПШ[1[1. универсальный элемент Production of goods - wщriwueubг,t, Ш[1LПШГ\[1ПL1'3J ПL\J. производство товаров Production of services - bwriwJnLl'3JПL\J\Jbг,t, uwmnLgnLu, предоставле ние услуг Mutual benefit - [!\JГ)hw\JnL[l oqnLLП. общая выгода То improve one's standard of living - pwribLWЧ.GL t,\Jt-nri ubцt, цЬ\Juш u шцшг,Г)шЦ[!, улучшить чей-то уровень жизни Social responsibllity - hwuwriwчwчw\J щwLПwutuw\JwLПL{ПLl'3JПLU, об щественная ответственность То play а major role - tuшrtWL qLtuwч.nri Г)G[l, играть важную роль Business enterprise - wril.J.LП[lWJt,\J hbmwerieг,nLiaJnL\J nL\JbgnГ[ obri

ion 1 / lesson б_____________.. �-------· sect

L Lti\JbL nг,l.J.t pw\Jt, hwuwri. то ье accountaЫe for - щwmwutuwuwLnn быть подотчетным за что-то Lti\JbL nг,l.J.t ubцt,\J. быть пото ье accountaЫe to - щwmwutuw\JwmnL дотчетным перед кем-то профессиональный упProfessional manager - uwu\JwqbLП ub\Jb2bri. равляющий (установить) цели то set objectives - \Jщwmwц\Jbг, uwhuw\JbL. определить nLu. за промежуток over а period of time - nrin2 ctwuw\JwцwhwLП4wb времени То take а risk - rit,uцt, Г)t,LfbL. рисковать лять бизнесом то manage а business - rtbцwч.wribL pt,q\Jbu[!. управ ль То receive profit - zwhnLJia umw\JWL, получать прибы ное вознагра>+щение Monetary rewards - г,wuшцш\J щwг,ql.J.\Jbг,. денеж прибыль То earn а profit - zwhnчia uLПw\JwL, получать ПLu\Jbг,. навыки и споSkills and abllities - huLПnLiaJnL\J\Jbг, l.J. чwrinrtnLl'3J собности , потребительские потConsumer needs - UЩШГlПГ[\JЬ г,t, чwritieub[1[! ребности ть бизнес То form а business - pt,q\Jbu ou.wч.nribL. созда \JbL, регулировать То make adjustments - цw\Jn\Jwч_nг,nLu t,г,wцw\Jwg w\J2wriчo. обеспечить То accommodate the demand - wщwhnч.bL щwh спрос

мающее решение Decision - maker - nrinznLu чWJwg\JnГ[. лицо, прини As well as - t,\Jtщbu \Jwl.J., так же как; а также lt does not matter - u2w\JwцnLl'3JПL\J tnL\Jt,. не имеет значения

\Jwг,цnLiaJnL\J, предприятие имеющее комерческие интересы lncreased productivity - w6nrt Ш[1LПШГ\[1ПГ[WЧWU ПL1'3JПL\J. увеличенная,

г�--- -----

производительность (продуктивность) То transact (а) business - pt,q\Jbu t,г,wцw\Jwg\JbL, вести коммерческую

деятельность То own the business - pt,q\Jbut, mbri Lti\JbL, иметь собственный бизнес То Ье responsiЫe for - щwmwutuw\JwLnnL Lti\JbL быть ответственным за А large number of people - u шг,Г)цш\Jg ubo �ач.шеш\Jшц. большое коли чество людей Owner - manager - ubч,wцw\Jwmbг, - ubub2bri. собственник - управляющий

-·

Exercises

al words or expressions: Read and translate the following internation prac�ical manager; business organization: professional manager: energy: control. period: effective team: personal: factor: iпdividual Give Armenian equivalents for: to compete: human to form; both types: giant corporations: necessary; achieve а profit: to Ье element: to transact business: to seek to

Sectюn 1 / Lesson 6

l( )

1ccourtaoie ·" ·f,e ·"Ш'а<1еr s ·:егrr,1тnаг,с::, :y.w ·rvell ,,r: ,,01,на,··, ,ewards: ппоvат1vе. ;тrc111J N11leu: ·о ,т�апаgе l ')US1пess: r: �xpect: creatioп: to operate З.

"; 1 / Lesson �.-::crюn � � 6 ---- - -- � ---- - - ---- ---------��

- ·зnslate the tollcwing phrases w1th Part1c1p1e il:

, ::roressюna1 ,naпaqer employed IJ'I Фе •J\�1пer tt,r� •,tJ1ect1ves ·:ет :J\• 1·119 owпers: а b1Js1пess rnaпёlqerJ 'cilJCCesstully thr=> 001er;11ves пr:>ede1J ·с prov1de а ser11:ce. the ODJect1·Jes пeeded to earn а protit: tr1A 3k11is пeeded to ach1eve aims. adJustments made tc accommodatt: the demand.

Find English equivalents for the followings in the text. UWfll)ЧWJt,\J qnron\J :PtiflUWJtiu w\Jh11wdb2Ul b\J uw1111tiч u2w\Jw ЧПLtaJПLU tnL\Jt,' ПflLЛb'l. t pt,q\JbuQ LЛb'l.ti nL\Jb\JnLu. n11 n2nLu\Jbfl чw Jwg\JbLtiu. hWUQUl)hw\JnL[l UlWflfl 2WLЛ raL/nL/ uw1111tiч UWfll)Q. ПflQ ЩWLЛWU'1JWUWLЛПL С pt,q\Jbut, ЧWqUWЧbflЩUWU hWUWll UbЦlW ЧWUWLЛt,[1П2 чnri.ut,g L/WflOL/WO чwr1w4w11tit \J4w6bL ПLf1ti2ub11ti чnri.ut,g uwhuw\J4wb UЩWLЛWЧUbflQ Пf1ПUJ2 l)WLЛПLU b\J чwr1w4w fltit\Jb11ti ЧWLЛWflWOQ u11w\Jn4, tab n1112w\J LWL/ b\J ti11wqn11bL/bL ti flb\Jg UЩWLЛWЧUbflQ dwuwuwчwhwLЛL/wbt, QUtaW9J2ПLU pt,q\Jbut, ЧWqUWЧbflЩUWU ПL ЧWf1WL/WflUWU hWUWfl WUh[1wdb2LЛ r1t,uч b\J l)t,UПLU CnLUЩbLЛb[lt, UЧW[lWq[lПL!aJWUQ hWUWЩWLЛWфJW\JП'l. UbЦlWЧWUWUlbfl ЧWf1WL/W[lt,[UbflQ WJU LЛbUWЧbLЛQ tiflWЧWUПLU ht,u\JL/bL t LЛW[lt,Ubfl w�w2 ULЛWUWL Wfll)Wfl w2'1JwLЛWL/W[lO ub ЦlWЧWUWUlbfl чwr1w4w11titQ uwhuw\JnLU t tir UЩWLЛWЧUbflQ. ЩflП:Pbut,n\JWL ЧWf1WL/WfltitQ ЩWLЛWu'1Jw\JwLЛПL С UJПLUUb[lt,\J ПL/ t \Jt.1111\JnLu uw1111tiч. nL/ebfl nL\Jb\J pt,q\Jbu uw1111Q. ПflQ щwLЛwu l'uw\JwLЛnL t pt,q\Jbut, L/wruw\J hwuwr Ltil.JbL UПflWflWfl. ЩflWЧ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1О. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Lnt,ч lL ПLdb'l. ЧWUJ2t, Ulbfl. 4.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined w'ords.

Translate the derivatives from the given words:

New businesses are constantly formed. People form the core of business. Auctions are а special form of market. How many forms of ownership do you know? Both types of managers have the same objectives. People work to produce both goods and services. The depar1ment store is divided into а number of departments. The total number of self - service shops is constantly growing in our country. Не always forgets the number of our house. Не lives at number 18. We know him to Ье good at numbers. 1 numbered many among my friends. Не is numbered among the greatest economists of all ages. The par1icipants of the conference numbered 50. The students were asked not to forget to number Jhe pages of their report.

to grow - growth, growing, grower to discriminate - discrimination. discriminatory to operate - operation. operative. operator to survive - survival to develop - development. developing, developed to protect - protection. protector to differ - difference, different

Pick out from the text all the sentences containing verbs in the Passive Voice and translate them.

1 О. Summarize the text.

Give the degrees of comparison of the adjectives:

good, bad, many, much. little. efficient. rich. poor. high.

Question for discussion:

1. Why do people need business? 2. Why does business need peopie? 3. Why can't people survive without business?

Section 1 / lesson 7

LESSON 7

The Nature of Business

is related to material things. lt Business is the human activity plest d in all soc,eties. even the sim necessary for civilization. lt ,s foLJП s. lane production of goods: making a1rp ones. Business may include the es of cting paper boxes are exampl building buildings and constru h is whic inesses include merchandising. production. Other forms of bus as providing various services. such the selling of products and of vity acti ir. Business thus, is the accounting. distributing and repa es of апd services Four main objectiv producing and distributing goods vival is profit and social responsib1lity Sur ьusiness are: survival. growth. if the ctives сап Ье accomplished only an obvious objective. Other obje iness wth is an objective because bus business enterprise survives. Gro al vidu indi share increase. personal and does not stand still. Market ctives. uctivity are important growth obje development and increased prod as an ed gniz onsibilities has been reco ln recent years, meeting social resp . must as like each person in society important ob1ective. Businesses 1mpact оп . Business act,vities have an accept as their responsibilities 1 shows. ironment and investors as figure consumers. employees, the env

Consumers

Like consumers employees hold certain expectations of business firms. They expect safe working conditioпs. fair compensation. equal opportunities, and adequate benefits. Employees also want to know what is going оп in the company and want managers to Ье responsive to proЫems or complaints. Firms being aware of their responsibility to the people who work for them make every effort to meet these expectations. Business decisions have а profound impact оп the environment. Business act,vities сап cause pollution. the contam1пatюn of the environment _ water, air and land. Socially responsiЫe firms and consumers take active measures to reduce pollution. Although survival, growth and social responsibility are important objectives, the profit obJective plays the major role in business. Profits reward а business enterprise for effectively conducting а number of activities.

Vocabulary Notes Human activity · uwr,11чшJt,\J qnr,bnL\Jl:inLj'aJПLU, человеческая деятель

ность

Eooicгol

.,.411•---- _____..,�

r,rcrmatюn ava1laЫe aoo1Jt а oroduct !Jetore st1ev :Jurchase rt. Consumer:o ,ave the пght to choose and make purchases from а •1ar1etv of products at competitive prices. They have the right to expect quality service at а fair price. Consumers also have the пght to Ье heard. Consumers' opinions are taken into consideration in the formation of government policies and in business firms' decisions.

Selling of product - Ш[1LЛШ1)[1ШUЕr Ltw6wr1e, продажа продукции То provide services - bwr1wJПLl'3JПLu\Jl:if1 uwLЛnLgl:il. предоставлять Employees

услуги Such as - rutщrure l:i\J, такие как

То distribute goods - pш2tul:il wщr,wueul:ir,, распределять товары То accomplish objectives - rr,шчwuwg\Jl:il UЩШLЛWЧUG[1Q, достичь целей

lnvestors

ds products that satisfy the nee Firms trying to succeed provide customers eventually take thei their customers since dissatisfied sess an ic consumer right is to pos business elsewhere. The most bas to receiv sumers have the right use products that are safe. Con

Market share increase - 2ПLЧWJшчшu hwLЛLtwbt, wLtt:ilW9ПLU: уве

личение сегмента рынка lncreased productivity - w6nrt wr,LЛwl)r,nri.wчwunLraJnL\J, увеличиваю щаяся (растущая) производительность ln recent years - ЧGf12t'i\J LЛW[1t,\Jl:ir,t,\J, В последние ГОДЫ То have rights - rrwLtnLueul:ir, ПLUGUШl, иметь права

/ Lesson 7 Section 1 -------

---------- ----

ая усJТ/ Г З

Quality service - ПflWЧJWI. owr1щnL[ЗJПLU кач�ственн дt а tair price - Wflr)Wflwgt, q\.JnL[. по справедливой цене оправдать ожидания то meet expectations - pwl[wflWflGL uщwunLLiuGpQ, государственGovernment poiicy - щt.LЛwцш\.J ewrLLUi2WЦWUПLfЭJПLli.

;;cction 1 / Lesson 7 Gi'-Je Armenian equivalents for:

iшman activity: relate to: examples of productюn thus: surv1val: profit: Jro1Nth: опlу if: personal development: to provide products to accept respons1bility: to choose: availaЫe: to make purchases: at competitive prices; government policy: certain expectations: adequate benefits: availaЫe; like consumers; to Ье responsive to complaints; effectively

нас� политика

lmportant objective - lj,LlflUПfl UЩШlnwц. важная цель цaJn1.u, прито accept responsibll11y - uLЛш1.J61.Jt;L щwLЛwur.1wlJwu,t.[n

нять ответственнс.:;ть ие то have an impact - wqr)t;gnL[ЭJПLli nLlibliwL. иметь влиян ь продукто provide products - uWLЛWЦWflWflGL wщriw\.JQ\.Jbfl. снабжат цией я Consumer right - uщwr1nri.ti t,riwL[nLliQ, право потребител ть инфорreceive information - LЛG[lGЦWLЛL[nL[ё!JПLli LILЛWUWL, получа

r)W w\.Jh[lwdt;2LЛ t QW[lWQWЦfl[aПL[aJWUQ PПLПfl hWUWflWЦПL[ajПLU· UGflПLU. pt,q\.Jt;ut, WJL bllbflQ UGflWГ1ПLU t;\.J Wf1ULЛПLfl LЛWflpGfl bw r1WJПL[aJПLUUGfl UWLЛnLgGLПL[ WЩflWUQUGfl ll OWГ1WJПL[aJПLUUGfl WfllЛWr)flGLПL ll pw2tubLПL qn[lOПLUGПL[aJПLU pt,q\.Jt;ut, ht,Liuwцw\.J UЩWLЛWЦUGfl[l_. ШJL UЩWLЛWЦUGflQ ЦWflП[l t;LJ tiriwцw\.JwgL[t; l ЦG[l2ti1.J LЛW[lt,1.Jt;rit,1.J hWUWflWЦПL[aJWU JПLflWQWU[JПLfl w\.JhwLЛt, 1.JL.fw\.J. nLlib1.Jw1 wo.r1':i;J L,ЭJnL1.J 2ri2wцw ut,2wl[WJflti L[r,ш �,r:,Lfw· lJbfl, nrin\.JQ Lf1nribnLL.f t;\.J hw2nri.nLraJwli hwulit;L uщwr1nrJ1 wu::.1.Jw ht,Liuwцw\.J tiriwL[nLUQU t. uщwr1nri.1.Jbfl[l_ tiriwL[nLUQ ПLUGU ULЛWUW LПL LЛG[lGЦWLЛL[ПL[aJПLU. Wflr)W[lWgt, q\.JnL[. WЩflWUQUG(lp qw\.Jw qwlinL[ЗJПLlit,g UЩWГ1П[lUGflti ЦW[lOt,QQ hw2L[ti t uю\JL[r11.Lf. ПflПUQ wщwhnl[ t;\.J uwtuewLJ UflWUQ q\.Jt;\.J WJU W[lLЛПLЛGL 2fl2WЦW Lfl12w L[Wjfl[l_. L[WflGL Lft, 2WflQ qn[lOПLUGПL[aJПLUL,t;ri Pllqlicu Фtiriuwl>l,rt1 :1riп2n�L1ut;rti ЬllwL[n[lПLUQ \Jpw\JQ шцuчш�nlJ , 1 шщwh r,ч ш2tuwLЛWUQWJt,1.J щwJLfw\.J\.Jt;fl r1.JL t LПbrJ1 nLl.1bl1r:L:J ьt:;:1'l.Jwгl1r1L raJnLlinLLf. Wflr)WflW9ti L[w[lbWLЛflПL[aJПLU ll hwL[WUWfl huwriwL[n flПL[aJПLUUGfl. bt;r11.JW[lЦGL WЦLЛt,L[ Lft,2ng\.Jt;fl 1.JL[wqt;g1.Jt;LПL W[lLЛП LЛПLUQ. 2whПLJ[a[l_ huwriwL[n[lПL[aJПLU t LЛW[t,U Wf1ULЛГW:JJti1.J bt;r1UWflЦПL[aJПLUUGflti1.J Wflr)JПLliwL[t;LЛ ЦGflЩПL[ ЦWflGL pwquwratiL[ qnri bnri.nL[ЭJПLUUGfl

то

мацию

п и то make purchases - цwLЛWflGL q\.JnLLluGfl, делать поку к разнообразие Variety of products - wщriwLJQ\.Jbflll qw\.Jwqw\.JnL[ЭJПLli,

(ассортимент) продукции цены competitive prices - urignLliwц q\.Jbfl. кон1<урентные деятельность то conduct an activity _ L[WflGL qnribnLLibпLfёtJПLli. вести ewцw\.JnL[ЭJWli Formation of government policy - щt;LЛwцw\.J ewri.w ики 6 llwL[nflnLLfQ. формирование государствеННt}И полит авные воз Equal opportunities - hwL[wuwfl h\.JwfluJL[ПflПLfЭJПLlilJt;fl, р можности

i, справедливая комFair compensation - Wflr)W[lwgt, L[w[lbWLЛflПL[ЗJПLl

пенсация (возмещение) шать (сокращать) То reduce pollution - 1.JL[wq.t;g\.Jt;L W[lLЛПLЛПLUQ. умень загрязнение �о take measures - ut,2ng\.Jt;fl 6t;r11.Jwriцt;L, принять меры

Exercis�s�----�-�-�----J

L__ __________.

-----------�---·------ --

ate then1 into Read the tollowing international words and transl Armenian:

service; nature; business; material; civilizatюn: construct: form; r; activity; objective; personal; individual; social; person; investo product; basic; iпformation; product: formation.

Find English equivalents for the tollowing in the text:

Study the derivatives and translate them into Armenian.

То pollute - pollution - polluted То contaminate - contamiпation - contaminated То reduce - reduction - reduced То expect - expectation - expected Person - personal - personality То compete - competition - competitive

Section 1 /· · Lesson -----�- � ----Match the words and arrange them in pairs.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 О. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. б.

Pollution Major lmpact Aware То cause Objective Take into consideration Variety А number of То conduct Fair Profound Safe То purchase То merchandise enterprise

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1О. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Just То carry out Aim Numerous lnflueпce Diversity Coпtamination Оеер То bring about lnformed Main То take into account To buy Protected. trustworthy Business То trade

Study the synonyms of the word "aim" and use them in the sentences of your own.

Aim, purpose. objective. goal 7.

Study the word comblnations containing the words "to take" and "to make". Use them in the sentences of your own: to take measures; to take place: to take into consideration; to take а

risk; to take advantage of; to take into account: to take part (in). to make taЫes (wiпe, machines); to make tea (coffee. lunch); to make it possiЫe; to make up; to make up one's mind, to make purchases: to make а note; to make а report; to make а speecr1: to make :)ne's will, to make а plan; to make а poem; to make а mistake; to make money; to make one's living: to make friends; to make agreement; to make а tour: to make effort. 8.

��ction 1 / Lesson 7

Paraphrase the following sentences:

1. Business may include the production of goods. 2. Business has four major objectives. 3. Other objectives сап Ье accomplished only if the

ьusiness enterprise surv1ves. 4. ln reseпt years. meeting social responsibilities has been recognized as ап 1mportant objective. 5. Business activities have an important obJective оп environment. 6. Firms trying to succeed provide products that satisfy the needs of their consumers. 7. The most basic consumers' right is to possess and use products that аге safe. 8. Consumers сап choose and make choices from а variety of products 9. Consumers opinions аге taken into consideration. 1О. Business decisions have а profound impact оп the environment. 11. Business activities сап bring about contamination of the environment. 12. Firms and coпsumers should take active measures to reduce pollution. 13. Profit enaЫes а business enterprise to conduct а number of activities effectively. 9.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

1. Consumers have the right to receive information availaЫe about а product before they purchase it. 2. We have to admit the fact that his decision is right. 3. Everything will Ье all right if the firm starts producing high quality goods. 4. Businesses like each person in society, must accept their responsiЬilities 5. Like his parents he is interested in social sciences. 10. Make up questions about (on) the text. 11. Summarize the text.

_ig

�ection 1 / lesson 8

Putting together land. labor. апd cap1tal to rтiake something of value.

LESSON 8

Basic Factors in Business ln our study of business, it is necessary to understand the four basic factors of production. These four factors are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. What is meant Ьу these four terms? ln order to produce things, it is necessary to use land. Неге, the term

land is used in the most general way. lt refers not only to а piece of real estate where we might build а factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for produciion. Some of these raw materials are found оп the earth's surface. such as trees. wh1ch yield wood for lumber. Other raw

materials are found under the earth's surface in mines and oil wells, and raw still other raw materials may Ье extracted from the air. AII the materials for production соте from the land, the air, and the oceans. Labour refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods. then Most labor changes raw materials into finished products and ly distributes these to buyers. ln industrialized countries. labor is general and more mental than physical. For example. in both rnanufucturing

that agriculture, machines accomplish the very tiring physical work med unskilled laborers used to do. ln other industries computer program the of many robots and other forms of data processing equipment perform certain jobs, which used to require а lot of mental labor. Therefore, to а the extent the next factor, capital. сап Ье used to replace labor or reduce to order in use to amount of physical and mental labor that humaпs have conduct business.

ln everyday language, capital means several things. The most general meaning is wealth or money. However, it also refers to the equipment that money purchases. As one of the basic factors of

production, capital is all of the things that workers use in production and distribution. lt includes their tools, machines. and buildings such as factories and warehouses where goods are produced and stored. Capital, therefore, refers to anything, which helps to produce and distribute goods.

·, called entrepreneursh1p. The entrepreneur is the person respoпsiЫe for ,,пtrolling and directing the other three factors The entrepreneur does rюt make things with his own hands unless he 1s also а worker. ln а 0L1s iness. the workers take orders from the entrepreneur Не is the leader, апd the employees follow his direction. Entrepreneurship includes some other importaпt activities. The entrepreneur is responsiЫe for iпitiating business activity Не must begin hts business Ьу bringing together the land. labor. and capital. Next, he rnust manage the business Ьу deciding the general policies for business operation

ln order to Ье successful. an entrepreneur must also Ье

1ппovative. Не must look for new products or new ways of making things and new methods of distribution. or he must offer new services. Не must Ье аЫе to decide оп the value of things which other people invent, whether it is а new toy, or а new way of advertising Finally, he bears all the risks of the business. Everyone connected with а business shares in the risks of the business. When а company goes bankrupt, that is, becomes unaЫe to рау its deЫs, it causes proЫems for many people lt is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere: the customers must look for another place to buy their products: cred1tors usually lose some of the money that they have lent t� the company But the entrepreneur takes the biggest risk. lf the business succeeds or fails. he must рау them up to the limit of his aЬility to рау. 11 he is skilful and lucky the mопеу he receives from his business venture will рау for the land, labor, and capital, and there wi/1 sti/1 Ье some extra money remaining for him. This exrta 1noney is the profit lf the money he receives from the business venture is 1101 enough to рау for all of the costs, the difference is а loss.

Vocabulary Notes Factor of production · WflLЛW'lllПLfaJWl.J qnrbпl.J. фактор производтсва Real estate · wuzwrd qпLJfi, недвижимость Reter to · L(bf1wpt:;f1L(bl, L(brwqrt:;l nru.t pwlф относиться (к чему-то) Earth's surface · Gf1Чf1Wqu11ti t.Jwцbrbu[l. поверхность земли

section 1 / Lesson 8

. умственная работа Mental work - uLЛwL[nr w2tuwLЛWUJ2 wLЛWUQ. физическая работа Physical work - :t,tщt,цwцwu w2tu ЛWf1flWUJ2. готовая продукция Finished products - ЩWLЛflWULЛt, WflL wpt:i11wцwu qwrqwgwo GflЧflUGfl, lndustrialized countries - Wflf1JПLl.J

промышленно развитые страны LUG[l u2wчnri. UW[lQWL[П[lПLU, обоData processing equipment - LЛL[JW рудование для обработки данных т nnpnLЛ, запрограммированный робо Programmed robot- 011wq11wL[n11L[wb \ПL[, в известной степени То а certain extent - n11n2wчr tWLf 1l ewuwцQ. количество труда The amount of labour - w2tuwLЛWUJ2 слеgnLg nLul.Jti[lt,l.J. h11whwuqut:i11t,u, то follow one's direction - ht:iLЛllt:iL довать инструкциям pwztut:iL, распределять товары То distribute goods - WЩflWUQUGfl ЛWf1flGL, производить товары то make things - wщrwueut:i[l WflL - ut,wgl.Jt:iL (hnri_[!. w2tuwLЛwl.JQQ, то put together (land, labour, capital), труд, капитал) цwщt,LЛwLQ). объединить (землю. t:iL, начать бизнес То initiate business - pt,qut:iu uцu а wewцwl.JnL[aJПLU, общая политик General policy _ o.urihwl.JnL[l ewri. ия рац ownl.JnL[aJПLU, деловая опе Business operation _ pt,qut:iu qnr нест и s) - uLЛwl.Jbl.Jt:iL wupnri.2 nt,uцQ, То ьеаr all the risk (of the busines ности) весь риск (коммерческой деятель нкротиться То go bankrupt - uuwuцwl.JwL. оба й ht,uuwtul.JГ11l fll.JGfl, стать причино То cause proЫems - wnw2wgl.Jt:iL

проблем, порождать проблемы лнительные деньги Extra money - Lf1W9ПL91lt qnLUWfl. допо , оплатить расходы То рау the costs - L[бwrt:iL owtuut:i[lQ wщ11wl.JQUGflQ, помещать товар на То store goods - щwht:iuLЛwL[nrt:iL склад, хранить товар l.JQQ, заменять рабочую силу то replace labour - L[t:i[lwlf\ntut:iL w2tuwLЛw L pt,qut:iu, вести дело то conduct business - ri_t:iцwL[w[ltiL, L[w[lti ы ln order to - nrщt:iuqt,. для того, чтоб быть удачливым то ье successful - hw2nri.wц Llll.Jt:iL, 2w11чt:iL, предлагать услуги то offer services - ownwJПL[aJПLU wnw

Exercises

Find international words in the text.

Give Armenian equivalents for: refer to; such as: industгialized countries: to accomplish; unskilled labourer: to а certain extent: wealth: to include; some other activities; warehouse; therefore: something of value: to take orders: finally; to cause proЫems: to seek work; to succeed; to fail; to рау for the land; skilful: drug сатрапу.

З.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text: nrщt:iuqt, wщ11wueut:i11 WflLЛWf1flGU uw L[Ь11wpt:i11L[nLu t. WflLЛWf1flПL ra1wu hwuwr oqLЛwqnroL[wo wupnri.2 hnLLfQQ. uLЛwL[nr цwu :t,t,qt, цwцwu wztuwLЛWUQt, OQLЛWQП[lOПLU[! LЛЧJWLUG[l uzwцnri_ UW[lQW L[n[lUWU LЛWflPGfl 6ll.t:i[1 ЦWLЛWflGL wztuwLЛWUQt, ut:ib UWU[!. ПflЩGU qt, L[W[lGUQ pt,ql.JGU[! WJU l.Jwl.J. L[t:i11wpt:i[1ПLU t UW[lQWL[П[lUWU[!. WJU UG[lWГJПLU t. ПfllЛGГl_ WЩ[lWUQUG[lU WflLЛW[1[1L[ПLU l.J. щwht:iuLЛwL[nr L[nLu t:iu. Gflp 6GГJUW[1ЦПL[aJПLU[! ul.Jwuцwl.JnLu t. G[aG l.Jw hUПLLЛ t. bt:in UW[lЦWLЛG[l[! ЩGLЛQ t Llll.Jt, l.Jwl.J. UП[lW[lW[l WUЦW[lПГl_ LllUt:iL L[бW[lGLПL ЩW[lLЛQG[l[!. WJU wnw2wgl.JПLU t ЩflПPLGUUG[l 2WLЛ UW[lf1ЦWUg hw UW[l. L[W[lЦWLЛПLUG[l[! unL[n11wpw11 ЦП[lgUnLu t:iu QПLUWflll Пf1П2 UWU[! lf1W9ПL91lt QПLUW[l[! zwhПLJ[aU t. uw ЩGLЛQ t Lf\ULЛ[lt, UП[l nщt,l.Jti[l. wztuwLЛwцt,gl.Jti[l[! ht:iLЛUПLU GU U[lW h[lwhwl.Jql.Jt:i[lt,U П[1ЩGU W[l LЛWf1[1ПL[aJWU QLtuwL[nr qn11onuuti111lg ut:iцQ. uLЛwl.JwL щwLЛL[t:i[lUGfl 6t:inuw11цwLЛG[lGflll9 ЦWLЛWflGL w2tuwLЛWUJ2UG[lt, ubo UWU[!

4· Study the singular and plural forms of the nouns and translate them. Pronounce them correctly.

5·

datum l'deiam1 basis l'beisis I

bases l 'beisi z 1

analysis I a'nffilasis J

analyses I anffilasi:z 1

calculus l 'kffilkjulus 1

calculi l 'kffilkjulai 1

medium l'mi:diaml

media J 'mi:dia 1

hypothesis I hai'pJ8isis 1

hypotheses I hai'pJ8isi:z 1

data l'deital

Give antonyms to the following words: lucky; skilful; аЫе; happy; necessary; skilled; to find; easy; to fail.

Section 1

Lesson 8

Section 1

7. Match the wboords on the right with the definition given оп the left. 1.

Bankrupt

Capital

3. innovative 4. entrepreneur 5.

dеЫ

6. 7.

to initiate emp1oyee

8. loss 9. profit 10. service 8.

А person who directs business Ьу risk(and initiative) 2. What is owed: something which must Ье paid 3. something to begin new

one who fails in business; financially ruined; unaЫe to рау one's dеЫ 5. chief town; money or property used for production 6. having new ideas. products 7. the results of expenses exceeding income 8. benefit oЬtained; the extra money gained 9. the act of helping. serving 1 О. person who works tor another person or business. espec1ally tor money

Paraphrase the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Capital is one of the basic factors of production The entrepreneur is responsiЫe for in1tiating bLJsiness activity То Ье successful. an entrepreneur must also Ье innovative. Some of these raw materials such as trees yield wood for lumber.

5. Other raw materials may Ье extracted from the air 6. Everyone connected with а business shares in the risk of the business 7. 11 is hard for the employees to find suitaЫe jobs. 8. Capital can Ье used to reduce the amount of labour that human s have to use to conduct business. 9. Machines accomplish the very tiring physical work.

б. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different meanings of the underlined words. 1. Various components of capital play different role in the production of surplus value. 2. What·s the capital of the USA? 3. When will capital construction take place ? 4. AII the proper names are written letters. 5. Both the means of labour and the objects of with labour are means of production. 6.Both proЫems are very essential for you.7.What does labour prodL1ctivity mean? 8.ln every language capital means several things.9.What is meant Ьу real estate ? 1О. Bankruptcy causes proЫems for many people.11. What's the main cause of unemployment? 12. The company сап raise capital Ьу was to the point. issuing new stock The question he

Lesson 8

Divide the text of the lesson into the necessary logical parts. Find the key sentences in each part containing the main information.

9. Summarize the text.

--- ---

-�----� --------·· -

Section 1 / Lesson 8

Glossary for Lesson 8- --

- - -

- �

Basic Factors in Business Accounting: а system of recording and summarizing business and

financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results. You did not receive the proper payment due to an accounting error Agriculture: farming, raising livestock, producing crops. Agriculture is an important industry in California. Bankrupt: unaЫe to рау one's deЫs and legally freed from the res ponsibility of paying them. After suffering losses for years, the business finally went bankrupt. Bond: an interest-bearing certificate of puЫic or private indeЫedness. Both the government and utility companies borrow money Ьу issuing bonds. Capital: money or property and equipment used for production. The company сап raise capital Ьу issuing new stock. The company has made capital improvements Ьу purchasing new machinery and equipment. Creditor: one to whom the business owes money. lf the company has а successful year and good profits, they will Ье аЫе to рау their creditors. DeЬt: an amount of money which must Ье paid to someone. Ву selling his business. he was аЫе to рау off all his deЬts. Distributing: refers to transportation, storage and delivery of products from the point of production to the place where they сап Ье sold. The products are availaЫe in supermarkets across the country because of nationwide distributing methods. Employee: а person who works for another person or а business. especially for money. General Motors Corporation has several thousand employees. Employer: а person or company that hires workers and provides work. That drug company is one of the largest employers of chemists. Boeing is one of the largest employers in Seattle. The employer provides medical insurance and а retirement plan in ad dition to excellent wages.

Section 1 / Lesson 8

Entrepreneur: А person, who starts. manages and takes the risks of running а business. The tourist industry provides opportunities for many small entrepreneurs who operate shops and restaurants. Extract: to separate part of something Ьу physical or chemical process. Salt is extracted from sea water. The iron was extracted from the ore. Finance: to provide money for the purchase of something or the operation of а business.

The company сап finance its expansion Ьу issuing more stock. \ financed ту new саг with а loan from the bank. lndustrialized: refers to having industries, particularly modern factories which produce goods for sale. The leaders of the industrialized countries met in Canada. lnitiate: to begin something new. That ьank will initiate а new type of savings account designed to attract small investors. lnnovative: new, particularly referring to а new idea, method or device. They have an innovative method of management which has resulted in improved productivity. Jnsurance policy: а contract whereby one party, the insurer, agrees to guarantee another, the policy holder. against certain \osses. An automobile insurance policy will рау for medical expenses and da mage to the automobile in the event of an accident. Loss: the amount Ьу which the cost and expenses exceeds the income. Our ьusiness suffered а /oss \ast year because we were unaЫe to raise prices enough to cover expenses. Mental: refers to use of the mind, thinking.

Because of modern machines and technology more and more mental work is required of employees who must Ье trained to operate the machines. Merchandishing: business activity related to buying and selling of good. Department stores and supermarkets are examples of merchandising enterprises. Physical: related to the body and use of muscles to produce something which сап Ье perceived Ьу the senses.

Section

1 / Le_!; S_01'1__ � _

Section 1 /

Le�son__f! _______ __

determines how an organization is operated. lt is the policy of this company that workers receive two weeks' paid vacation each year. Product: something made or produced which is to Ье sold: goods, merchandise. Paper and lumber are two of the products made from wood. Production: The act of making goods for human wants; total output. Petroleum is an important raw material for the production of plastics. Profit: the amount Ьу which income exceeds costs. That company had а profit of $10,000,000 last year Provide: to make availaЫe to someone, to give, to sell. This company provides work for ten thousand employees. Raw materials: materials in their natural, unmanufactured condition. Crude oil is the raw material from which gasoline is made. Real estate: property i'n houses and land. Не borrowed money from the bank to purchase some real estate. Risk: chance, in business, the possibility of failure. Drilling for oil is an activity that involves consideraЫe risk. Robot: а machine which takes the place of humans for production purposes. ln automobile production robots are used to weld sections of the body. Secure: (in this context) to bring about. Corporations сап secure capital Ьу issuing bonds. Service: business activity related to providing help, repair or assistance as opposed to selling or producing Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services. Stock: any of the equal parts that the ownership of а corporation is divided into. The corporation issued more stock to finance the expansion. Venture: а business activity or under1aking, especially one that involves some risk or danger of а loss. This individual is seeking partners for а joint venture in gas exploration.

_ _ _

Vocabulary Notes

Farming has always involved hard physical labor. Policy: (see also insurance policy) а principle, method or rule which

____________

То verify results - uLЛnщt.L, hwuLЛwLЛt.L Wflf1JПLue\Jt.[1Q, проверять, подтверждать результаты То summarize financial transactions - wt.ILjlnцit:;L -1:>ruw\Juwчwu QП[l OW[lblUG[lQ. обобщать, суммировать финансовые операции То report the results - qt.чnLgGL, hw2L[t.LЛL[ПL[aJПLU LЛWL, давать отчет; отчитываться о результатах Proper payment - 6Г)2LЛ L[6w[lnLt1. надлежащая плата (оплата) То analyze results - L[t:i[lLПLOGL Wflf1JПLue\Jt.[1Q, анализировать резуль таты То issue bonds - ranriwriчt.L ЩWflLЛWLЛnuut:;11. выпустить облигации То borrow money - ЩWflLЛЫПL[ LjlnГ[ L[t.rigut:;l, занять деньги: взять деньги в долг Utility

companies

-чnuПLUWL

6Gr1UWflЧПL[aJПLUUG[l,

коммунальные

предприятия Government companies - щt.LЛwчwu 6t.r1uwriчnLraJnL\J\Jt:;fl, государст венные предприятия То raise capital -ЧWЩГ)LЛWLU wL[t.Lwg\Jt.L, увеличивать капитал То raise livestock - pnLOGL QULЛwut, w\JwunL\J\Jt:;fl, увеличивать пого ловье домашнего скота То purchase equipment - q\Jt:;L uwriewL[nrinLtl, приобрести оборудование Accounting error - hw2L[wщwhwчwu utuwL, бухгалтерская ошибка То suffer losses - ЧПflПLuLЛut.ri ЧflGL, терпеть убытки То рау one's debl - Г)U[-П[l ut.чr ЩW[lLЛblQ L[6Wf1GL, уплатить чей-то долг То owe money - Г)Ut-Пfl ut.чt,u ЦlПГ[ ЩWflLЛbl LГ)UGL, быть должным день ги кому-то То hire worker - pw\JL[nri L[W[16GL, нанять работника То provide work - w2tuwLЛwue wщwhnL[t.L, обеспечить работой Medica/ insurance - pd2чwчwu wщwhnL[wq[lПL[aJПLU, медицинская страхование ln addition to - r LflПLUU, pwgt,, в дополнение; к тому же; сверх: кроме того То run а business - L[writ.L, чwr1wL[writ.L QПflOQ, вести, управлять биз несом

Section 1 / lesson 8

- - -------------------------·- -- - -------

Chemical process - erн.Jt,wljwl.J щringtiu, химический процесс Sea water - onL[t, 2ПL[l, морская вода То issue stocks - pwdl.JtimnLfutiri ran11w11чtiL, выпустить акции То attract investors - l.Jti[lq[lwL[tiL l.Jl::i[1f1flПГll.Jti[1t,l.J. привлекать инвес

торов

lmproved productivity - pwfll::iLwL[L[wo WflLЛWf1flПГlWЧWl.JnL[oJПLl.J, повы

шенная производительность Certain losses - n11n2wчt, ljn[lnLuLЛl.Jti[l. определенные потери lnsurance policy - wщwhnL[wqriwчwl.J ЩПLt,U. L[чwJwljwl.J, страховой

полис

ln the event of - f1GЩJ2ПLLf. в случае То cover expenses - owbljtiL owtuuti[lQ, покрыть расходы То raise prices - ql.Jti[lQ pw11011wgl.JtiL, повысить цены Total output - wLfpn112wчwl.J W[lf1JПLUJ2ti foПГlWflЧПLU, общий объем

производства

То make goods - ЩWLЛ[lWULЛGL wщriwuel.Jti[l. изготовить товары То provide work - wщwhnL[tiL w2tuwmwl.Je. обеспечить работой Raw material - hnLLfE, сырье ConsideraЫe risk - qqwlti r1t,ulj, значительный риск То exceed costs - qti[lwqwl.JgtiL owtuuti[l[!, превысить расходы Production purpose - W[lLЛWf1flWЧWU l.Jщwmwlj, производственная цель The ownership of а corporation - QUЧGflПLfoJWl.J utiljlwljwl.JnLfoJПLl.JQ, соб

ственность корпорации То finance expansion - :pt,l.Jwl.JuwL[n[ltiL QUf1LWJl.JnLLfQ. финансировать расширение (развитие) Joint venture - hwLfwmti11 otir11.Jw11чnL[oJПLl.J, совместное предприятие

LESSON 9

Legal forms of Organization Text 1 Sole proprietorship ln business there are тапу legal forms of organization. The form of organization means the type of ownership. The main differences between the types of ownership are in their ability to raise capital. the s1ze and continuity of the enterprise, the disposition of profits, and the legal oЫigations in the event of bankruptcy. Each form has certain advantages and disadvantages. The three forms discussed in this lesson are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. The form which requires the least amount of capital and personnel is the sole proprietorship. Sole means single, and the proprietor is the owner. Therefore. а sole proprietorship is а business owned and operated Ьу а single person. This single person сап start а business Ьу simply purchasing the necessary goods and equipment and open1ng up shop. There are very few government and legal regulations to comply with. The sole proprietor owns all the business assets, makes all the decisions, takes all the risks, and keeps all the profits of the business. The business itself pays по tax, but the owner must рау personal income taxes оп his profits. lf а sole proprietor is successful and he wants to close his business and start а new опе, he simply has to sell his inventory and equipment, рау his bills, close up shop, and begin а new activity. There are good and bad aspects to the sole proprietorship form of organization. The sole proprietor has the opportunity to Ье successful, but he also runs the risk of financial ruin. The sole proprietor owns all the assets of the business, but he also has to supply all the capital, and his aЬility to borrow is limited to his personal amount of money and wealth. The owner enjoys his freedom to make decisions about his business, but he alone takes the responsiЬility for incorrect choices. Не has the right to keep all the profits of the business. However, if he suffers а loss, he still owes all the deЫs, and his legal liaЬility to рау them may Ье more than his investment in the business. Не must use his personal property to settle the deЫs of the business if he goes bankrupt.

Section 1 / Lesson 9

Partnership

Text 2

А pa rtnership presents а completely diffe rent set of p roЫems. А partne rship consists of two o r more people who share the ownership of а business. А partnership should begin with а legal agreement covering the various aspects of the business. Two important items that need to Ье cove red are exactly which assets each pa rtne r is contributing, as well as how the partnership сап Ье changed or terminated. This agreement is called the articles of со - partnership. lt is not as complicated as the articles of со - prop rietorship. However, the articles of со - partnership indicate that the initiation of а partne rship is not as easy as the beginning of а sole p rop rietorship. Partners are like sole proprietors because they own all the assets, owe all the deЫs, make the decisions. and share of the p rofits. lf each partner has а different expertise in an impo rtant business a rea, the partnership has an advantage over the sole prop rieto rship in managerial ability. А partnership usually has more capital than а sole prop rietorship. ln а partne rship the pe rsonal wealth of all the partners сап Ье used to secu re loans and c redit. This personal wealth may also Ье used to settle the deЫs of the business. Like the sole p rop rieto rship, the partne rship has unlimited financial liability in the event of bankruptcy. Unlike the sole proprietorship whe re one owner - manager makes all the decisions, the smooth ope ration of а partnership requires both owne rs to agree оп management policy. lf а partnership wished to cease doing business, the owne rs would have to agree оп how to dissolve it.

Text 3 Corporation The corpo ration is ve ry different f rom both а sole prop rieto rsh1p and а partne rship. First of all, the co rporation is а legal entity which is chartered Ьу the state in which it is incorporated. ln othe r words, а Los Angeles corpo ration is inco rporated unde r the laws of the State of Califo rnia. As а leGal entity; the co rpo ration сап own p roperty that is not the personal wealth of its owners. lt also means that the corporation сап ente r into business agreements оп its own. Forming а corporation is not easy.

Section 1 / Lesson 9

There are many legal p rocedu res to follow. А corporation ra1ses c apital 1n а different way f rom the p rop rietorship or partnership The ow11e rship of the corporation is divided into shares of stock. One stockholder or shareowner сап buy, sell, and t rade his shares without permission f rC'lm the other owners. А corpo ration сап raise large amounts of capital Ьу selling sha res of stock. The stock owne rs vote fo r а boarLi ot directC'lrs who hi re а p resident or chief executive officer to run the company Т 1,е board of directo rs also decides what to do with the corporatюn's profits lt usually retains part of the p rofits for reinvestment in the company ar,d distributes the other part to the shareholders as dividends. Unlike the so1e p rop rietorship and the partnership, the liability of а corporation i s limited to the value of the assets of the company. The personal wealth of the stockholde rs cannot Ье used to рау deЫs rn case of bankruptl.:y Corporations do not operate like othe r forms of business because the owne rship сап Ье easily t ransferred through stock sales. There a re favo raЫe and unfavoraЫe points to consider with regard to the corpo rate form of ownership. The corporation has access to lar ge amounts of capital and has limited liability, but its activities a re close1y monitored Ьу government agencies. The Securities and Exchange Commission regulates the stock t rades. А large corpo ration has а lot of managers who сап specialize in different aspects of the business. Howeve r, the corporation must have good organization for effici('!Пt ope ration. Anothe r important disadvantage of the corporation is that its p rofits are taxed twice. The profits are taxed once as co rporate p rotits, and then the individual stockholders рау pe rsonal income taxes оп ttieir dividends. The three types of legal organization discussed in this lesson show different possibilities - and limitations. The best fo rm to r а particL1lar enterprise depends оп its capital requirements and the numьer of owne rs.

Vocabulary Notes The size of the enterprise - 61:ю\Jwr,LjnLfЭJW\J LWLf1Q, размер nредприяти �

The disposition of profit - zwhnчrэti pwztunLu, размещение прибылей Legal oЫigations - t,r,шцшцш\J ЩWflLЛWЦПflПLfЭJПL\J\Jbr,, правовое Обя

зательство

Section 1 / Lesson 9

ln the event of bankruptcy - u\Jwuчwguw\J f1GЩf2ПLU, в случае банкрот ства Sole proprietorship - w\JhwLЛ 01:i111.Jw11чwLЛt,11nLraJnL\J, единоличное владение The least amount of capital - чwщt,LЛW[t, \JL[wqwqnLJU LWЦlQ. мини мальный размер капитала То start а business - qn110 uчul:i[, qn11b 01:i111.Jw11цl:i[. начинать бизнес То comply with - l:iuraw11чL[l:iL (чwun\Jul:i11t,u), h11whw\Jqul:i11t,u. подчи няться правилам The sole proprietor - Lft,w\JO\JJW ul:il)lwчwuwLЛl:ill, единоличный соб ственник Business assets - 01:i11uw11цnL[ЭJWU wчLЛt,L[ul:i11[!. активы предприятия То make а decision - n11n2nLLI чwJwg\Jl:i[, принять решение То take а risk - 11t,uчt, 11t,Lfl:i[, q\Jw[ 11t,uчt,, рисковать То рау taxes (Ьills)- L[6w111:iL hw11чl:i11. hw2t,L[ul:i11, платить налоги (счета) lncome tax - GЧWULЛWhWllЧ, ПОДОХОДНЫЙ налог То run а risk - 11t,uчt, 11t,Lfl:iL, рисковать Financial ruin - ,1,t,\Jw\Juwчwu чnrbwunLLI, Цl[ПLqПLU, финансовый крах То enjoy one's freedom - L[WJLl:iL wqwLЛПLfaJПLU[!. наслаждаться свободой

Section 1 / Lesson 9-

брать ответственность

C___ _ _ _E__x e_r_c_.i_s_e_s_·_-- _--_--_-_--_-- ______]

То suffer а loss - L[\Jwu Чlll:iL, терпеть убытки

Find international words in the text

Legal liabllity - t,11wL[wчw\J ЩWГ1LЛWL[ПГ1ПLfaJПLU, юридическая (пра вовая) ответственность

Give Armenian equivalents for: the size and continuity of the enterprise; in the event of; it requires;

Personal property - w\Jo\Jwцwu ul:il.jlwцwunLfaJПLlJ. личная собственность

government regulations; to Ье successful, financical ruin; incorrect

То setlle а dеЫ - L[6w111:iL, uwrl:iL щwГ1LЛЕ[!, погасить долг; выплатить долг

choices; legal liability; to go bankrupt; however; business агеа;

То go bankrupt - u\Jwuчwuw[, обанкротиться

managerial aЬility; the number of owners; legal regulations; initiation

Set of proЫems - ht,LЛ.Jwtuu11ti11ul:i11t, Lft, wupn11� 2w1112. совокупность проблем Financial liabllity - �t,uw\Juwцw\J щw11LЛwL[n11nLfaJПLu, финансовое обя зательство Legal entity - t,r,wL[wpw\Jwцwu w\Jo, юридическое лицо Legal procedures - tirwL[wцw\J [!U[ЭWgwчw11ql:i11, процессуальные нормы, sing. судебный процесс; судопроизводство

То terminate the partnership - ou11hwLЛl:iL hwuwqn11bwцgnLfЭJПLU[!, пре рвать сотрудничество (партнерство) То contribute assets - LЛ11wuw1111l:iL wцLЛt,L[ul:ir. предоставить активы Articles of со - partnership=articles of partnership - [!UЧl:irwчgnLfaJWU ol.J.wL[n11Lfw\J Lfwut,\J щw1Llw\Jwqt,11, письменный договор об образо вании товарищества Articles of incorporation - чn11щn11wgt,w]ti q11wuguw\J L[l:i11wpl:i11Jwl L[чwJw цw\J, официальный акт о регистрации компании/акционерного общества lnitiation of а partnership - hwuwqn11owчgnLfaJWU uчt,qpQ, основание сотрудничества То own assets - LЛt,111:iL WЧLЛt,L[ul:i11t,. располагать активами То share profits - 2whПLJfa[! pw2tul:iL, распределять прибыль The share of the profits - 2whnLJra ti Lfwu. pwdt,\J. часть прибыли То have an advantage over - nL\Jl:i\Jw[ w11wL[l:i[ПLfaJWU t,ui-nr pw\Jt, uцwLЛL.fwup, иметь превосходство над чем-то Managerial abllity - чw11wL[w11Lfw\J nL\JwцnLfaJПLu. способность к управ ленческой работе Personal wealth - w\Jo\Jwцw\J hw11uLЛПLfaJПLU, личное имущество То secure а loan - wщwhnL[l:i[ L[wrчo (q11wL[nL[ l.J. WJLU), предоставить обеспечение по ссуде

То take the responsibllity - щwLЛwutuwuwLЛL[nLfaJПLu цrl:iL, uLЛwuo\Jl:iL, lncorrect choice - utuwL QULЛllПLfaJПLu. неправильный выбор

- -- - ----- -·--··----- ---�-

of а par1nership; to secure loans; to settle the deЬts; а sole proprietorship, to have advantages. 3.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text: ЦwqL.fwцl:illЩПLfaJWU t,11wL[wчw\J Ol.J.l:ill[! ЦWГ1UПГ1 LЛWl1PG Г1ПLfaJПLU \Jl:i1l[! f111WUQ' ЧWЩt,LЛW[ ULЛWUW[ПL h\Jw11wL[n11nLfaJWU Lfl:i� l:i\J. Пll[! uwhuwunLL.f t wuouwчwqut, l.J. цwщt,LЛW[t, \JL[wqwqnLj\J f2WUWЧQ-

Section 1 / Lesson 9 ЩШ[lqшщЬu q \.JbLП4 w\.Jh[1wdb2LЛ ШЩ[lШUQUG[l ll UW[lQWL(П[lПLU \.Jb[l ПLUGUWL hШ2ПflШЧ Llr\.JbLПL h\.JW[lWL(П[lПL[cJПLU :\)t,\.Jw\.Juwцw\.J ЦП[lbw\.Jtlw\.J rфuцt, '11rt1bL Ш11Ш2Шf1ЧGL Пf12 ЦШЩt,LЛШL[! uwhtlw \.Jw41wцl(wb t lrfl ШU6UШЦШU 4)Пfllr i.J. hW[lULЛПL[cJWU QШUШЦПL(. lrfl pt,q\.Jbut, L(b[lwpbflJWL n11n2nLt.I\.Jb[1 чшJwg\.JbL. utlJwL QULЛ[lПLfcJПL\.J \.Jbfllr hwtlw[l щwLЛwut,Jw\.JwLЛL(nL[cJПL\.J ЧflbL. L(\.Jwu ЧflbL. t.Iw[lbL pt,q\.Jbut, ЩШ[lLЛQG[lQ WJU hwuw6WJUПL[3JПLUQ ЦП1_4ПLU t QUЦG[lПL [cJWU 61..lwl(n[ltlw\.J q[lwl(n[l hwtlw6wJ\.Jwqt,1l pш2tlJl::iL 2шhПLJfcQ. L(6w[lbL tlt,wJ\.J ЬцшuLЛшhш[lЦ p wd\.JbLЛt,[lWЦWU QUЦG[lПL[cJПLUQ ЦШ11ШL(Ш[1UШU h\.JW[lWL(П[lПL[cJПLUUl::i[lПLU ПL\.Jt, w11wL(bLПL[3JПL\.J\.Jb[1 ш\.JhшLЛ 6Ь11\.Jш[1ЦШLЛt,[1ПL[3JШU UЦШLЛtlwt.Ip brcb QUЦG[lПL[cJПLUQ gw\.Jцw\.JnLtl t l)Wl)W[lb g\.JbL pt,q\.JbuQ (lr[l qn[lOПLUGПL[cJПLUQ). lr\.J1. щb u LПLOW[lGL pt,q\.JbuQ

Match the words оп the left with the words or expressions оп the right.

Section 1 / Lesson 9 5.

Paraphrase the following sentences. 1.

The sole proprietor owns all the business assets.

Не has to sell his inventory.

3. 4.

They own all the assets. А corporation raises capital in а different way from tr1e partnership or proprietorship.

Corporations don't operate like other forms of business

Partnership has uniirnited financial liability.

The activities of the corporation are closely monitored Ьу government agencies.

8. 6.

There are favoraЫe and unfavoraЫe points tu co,1side1· (think) with regard to the corporate form of ownersh,p.

Form the opposite of the following Ьу adding the negative prefixes "un", "im", "in", "ir", "mis'", "dis". un - аЫе, limited, usual, wanted. married, like, favoraЫe.

Enterprise

to buy

Limited

property

im - possiЫe, moral

Ownership

in case of

ir - regular, rational

То purchase

restricted

ln the event of

business

То own

money

Sole

destruction, loss of wealth

Proprietor

to possess

Capital

rules

dis - advantage, like, proportion, order

in - direct, dependence mis - calculation. print, understand 7.

Form adverbs from the given words Ьу adding the adverb - making suffix "ly": exact, complete, simple, usual.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words

1 О. Ruin

1О. single

The sole proprietor runs the ris� of fiпaпcial 1uiп Не сап run his

11. Regulations

11. owner

12. lnventory

12. detailed list of goods, products

business successfully. Тlle ovvпt,1· �QY.2 his freedom to make decisions about his :�iпess. Не u1io,·" 1N or·king at his project. Many

13. То run (а company)

13. to stop

14. То dissolve

14. legal responsibility

15. Liability

15. to break up

16. То cease

16. to manage

ь·

small businesses enjoy the satisfaction of being their own bosses. The sole proprietor has tlle !:ШЬ1 to keep all the profits of the business. The assets апd liabilities of the co111pany , пust Ье listed оп the balance sheet. The sole proprietor has all tlle liabilities of his business. Пrе sole proprietor owпs all the f)ll.c,ir1E,ss assets. А

Section 1

partnership presents а completely different set of proЫems. AII the under members of the staff are present at the meet1ng. Prices are the influence of demand and supply. А partnership consists of two or more people who share the ownership of а business. The company сап capital Ьу using stock. Later some people started to raise agricultural products. The profits have increased а decrease in the cost of raw materials. consideration should Ье paid to raising people's living and cultural standard.

а. Explain in English what is meant Ьу sole proprietorship; partnership; corporation. Ь.

Characterize each of them.

1 О. Put questions to the text.

Lesson 9

Glossary for Lesson 9 Legal forms of Organization Abllity: а skill or а talent: the capacity Jr capability to do something. Не has the abllity to type 60 words ре· minute.

This company has the abllity to incrгase production using the present equipment. tlecause of my experience as а ь.:1nker, 1 have the abllity to make t1пancial decisions. Access: the means of getting to some:hing. А corporation has а greater access to :apital than does а sole proprietor. Articles of со - partnership: the agreement telling the terms and conditions of а partnership. The articles of со - partnership should also provide а method of selling the business. Articles of incorporation: the agreemгnt telling the terrns, conditions and purposes of а corporation. These must Ье registered in the state where the corporation is chartered. Му lawyer will draw up the articles of incorporation. Asset: (often plural) anything of value to а company Anything which сап Ье sold or converted into cash. The partners each own а share of the assets ot the partnership. lnventoy is а current asset because it will Ье sold during that business year. Bankrupt: unaЫe to рау one's debts and legally released from the liaЬility. His business went bankrupt because of poor management and bad financial decisions. Bills: deЬts; money which must Ье paid to someone for а service or product received. The Ы/1 for my telephone service arrives today. Most suppliers want you to рау the Ы/1 within thirty days Board of directors: а group of persons elected Ьу stockholders to run а c orporation. The board of directors has decided to рау а dividend of $5 per st1are. Capital: the money which owners or stockholders invest in а business. We need some capital in order lo purchase new production equipment.

Section 1

Lesson 9

Chief executive officer (СЕО): the top manager or director of а company. The board of directors has hired а new chief executive officer for the corporation. Comply: оЬеу. The corporation must сотр/у with all the regulations which pertain to 1t. Corporation: а group of persons granted а charter to do business as а separate unit with its own rights and responsiЫlities. Large businesses are operated as corporations because capital сап Ье easily raised and liaЬility is limited. Dissolve: to break up а partnership or corporation. The partnership was dissolved because the two partners wanted to have their own bus1nesses. Dividends: а share of the profits of а corporation which is given to the stockholders. The dividend will Ье paid to owners of record on June 30. Enterprise: а business, particularly one privately owned lf the sole proprietor wants to quit, he can simply find someone to purchase his enterprise. Entity: а separate unit for ownership or legal purposes. As а separate entity а corporation сап own property apart from the individual stockholders

Equipment: machinery or tools which а business uses for production and operation. Ву using new equipment, the company hopes to Ье аЫе to increase production and reduce costs. Expertise: special knowledge or aЫlity. This accountant has expertise in financial planning Financial: refers to money or the management of mопеу. This company is in good financial condition The sole proprietor makes all his own financial decisions. lncome tax: а tax which is based on the amount of money а person or company receives for labor, services, or products. and which cannot Ье added to the price of the labor. services, or products. The owner of а sole proprietorship pays no tax. lnventory: the amouпt of goods of the store must record the1r entire

inventory in order to know which goods they have on hand

Section 1

Lesson 9

Some new computerized cash registers ме аЫе to keep track ot

inventory. Liabllity: (otten plural) deЬt or legal responsit :i1y The assets and liaЫ/ities of the company m,1st Ье listed on the balance sheet.

The liaЫJity of а corporation is limited to its assets The sole proprietor has all the liaЫlities of his bLJSiness Limited: restricted; not allowed to exceed а certain amount. А corporation's liaЬility is limited to the value of 1ts assets . Ownership: refers to а right а person has to tl11пgs that belong to him The ownership of а sole proprietorship сап ье transterred if the proprietor wants to sell it.

ln order to sell а саг, you must have an ownerstiip cert1ficate. Partnership: а business owned Ьу two or more individuals.

The owners of а partnership share in the operatюn and profits ot the business. Profits: the amount of income above costs. The profits have increased due to а decrease in the cost of raw materials. Proprietorship: ownership of а small business. This restaurant is operated as а sole proprietorship. lt is owned Ьу one individual. Purchase: buy. The individual owner сап decide whether or not to purchase new tools and equipment. S atisfaction: а feeling of pleasure or contentrпent. Many small businessmen have the satisfaction ot being their O\"m bosses. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): the government commission designed to protect individuals who p шchase shares of stock from puЫicly held companies.

Section 1 / Lesson 10-

LESSON 10

International Business lnternational business is the performance of business activities across national boundaries. lnvolvement in international business is increasing. with growth expected to continue into the 21 st century. Countries cannot produce everything for themselves. Most nations specialize in the production of certain goods and services and sell any surplus to other nations. А country has an absolute advantage 11 it сап produce а product more efficiently than any other nation. А country that сап produce one product more efficiently than other products. in comparison to other nations, has а comparative advantage.

The basic concepts of international business The basic concepts of international business are exporting and · importing, balance of trade, balance of payments and exchange rates. Exporting: Selling domestic goods in another country. lmporting is purchasing goods made in another country. Balance of trade: The difference between the amount а country exports

and the amount it imports.

Balance of payments: The total flow of money into and out of а country.

The balance of payments is determined Ьу а country's balance of t rade, foreign aid, foreign investments, military spending, and money spent Ьу tourists in other countries. А country has а favoraЫe balance of payments if more mon еу is flowing in than is flowing out; an unfavoraЫe balance of payments e,<:ists when more money is flowing out of the country than in. Exchange Rate: The rate at which one country's currency са n Ье

exchanged for that of another country. The two main types of excr,ange rate are: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.

Exchange Rate

Fixed Exchange Rate An unvarying'

Floating Exchange Rate

exchange rate set Ьу government policy.

An exchange rate that fluctuates with market conditions.

Regulation of International Business As business between nations has grown. so has the number of laws and organizations involved in the regulation of international trade. Several laws affect American firms doing business in foreign countries These laws generally exempt U. S. firms from certain antitrust laws, prohibit bribing of foreign officials, and allow banks to participate in joint ventures.

International organizations Several organizations also exist to facilitate world trade, including the World Trade Organizations (WTO), the lnternational Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and economic communities such as the European Community (ЕС) and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (ОРЕС). WTO: An international organization formed to reduce or eliminate tariffs

and other barriers to international trade. IMF and World Bank: Two international organizations have been �staЫished to help finance international trade. The international Monetary Fund was founded in 1944 to promote cooperation among member nations Ьу eliminating trade barriers. 1 MF lends money to countries that need short - term loans to conduct international trade. The World Bank was formed in 1946 to lend money to undeveloped and developing countries for various projects. The World Bank makes loans to member nations to fund the development of roads, factories, and medical facilities.

Section 1 / Lesson --- --------

----·---. ···-�-·------ -----------�------------ - ---

Secti O_П_ l_j_l:esson 10 _

_____________ ___________ ·-

Economic Community: An organization that facilitates ri1e rт:ovement of

Multinational Corporation: А firm that operates оп а global bases.

products among member nations through the creatioп of common

committing assets to operations ог subsidiaries.

economic policies.

А firm engaged in international business must generally adapt to foreign

One of largest ecoпomic communities is the European Community

markets. Some products have to Ье changed to Ье suitaЫe to aпother

(ЕС). formed in 1957. The purpose of the ЕС is to reduce ог elim1nate all

country. Prices of production may Ье set differently in various countries. ln

trade barriers among member nations.

some cases. products сап Ье distributed through existing systems, but if

Another well - kпown economic community is the Organization of

appropriate distributions systems do not exist, firms must develop them.

Petroleum Exporting Countries (ОРЕС). EstaЫished in 1960. ОРЕС

Adver1ising and puЫicity often must Ье modified because of differences in

exists to give oil - producing nations some control over the рпсе and

language. laws, and culture. А nation's culture and social forces сап create

supply of oil. ОРЕС has been fairly successful in controlling both.

obstacles to international trade. The political climate of а country also

Approaches to International Business А firm that decides to enter international trade must select an approach А firm сап take several approaches to international trade. Some require little commitment оп the part of the firm, while others require а great deal of involvement. The approaches to international business аге expor1ing, licensing, joint ventures, trading companies. countertrading, direct ownership. and multinational corporations. Exporting: The simplest way to enter international business. Selling domestic goods to а foreign country. Licensing: An agreement in which one firm allows another firm to sell its product and use its brand name in return for а commission ог royalty. Firms may also conduct international business through а joint venture. А Joint Venture: А partnership between а domestic firm and а firm in а foreign country.

influences international trade. А nation сап also restrict trade througl1 impor1 tariffs. quotas, and embargoes. and exchange controls.

Vocabulary Notes lnternational business - L.ft,2wqqwф\J pt,qul::;u, qnr,bwr,wr,nLГЭJПLu, меж дународный бизнес National boundaries - wqqwJt,1.J uwhL.fw\Jubr,, национальные границы Absolute advantage - pwgwr,6wц wr1wLJ.btПLf"ЭJПL\J. абсолютное преи мущество Comparative advantage - hwL.fЬL.fwuiwцw\J wr1wLJ.btПLf"ЭJПL\J, сравни тельное преимущество Domestic goods - hwJr,buwцw\J wщг,wueubr,, товары отечественного производства Balance of trade - WГ1UU1[1t, hw2ч_bц2t,r1, торговый баланс Total flow of money - o.urihwunLr, ririwuwцw\J hnue. суммарный денежный поток Balance of payment - Lj_6wr,wJt,1.J hw2LJ.bц2t,r1, платежный баланс Exchange rate - wr,uiwr,dnчrэr Ч1Пtuwr,dbe, валютный курс

foreign country.

Foreign aid - wr,uiwet,u oqunLfдJПLu, иностранная помощь Foreign investment - ouiwr,br,цr,Jw 1.Jbr,rir,nLL.f, иностранные инвестиции Military spending - r1wqL.fwцw\J bwtuubr,, военные расходы FavoraЫe balance of payment - wцuit,ч. LJ.6wr,wJt,1.J hw2ч.ьц2t,r1, ак тивный платежный баланс Trade surplus - hw2LJ.btц2r1t, wцuit,ч. L.f\Jwgnr,11, активное сальдо тор

Global market: The entire world viewed as а large market.

гового баланса; активный торговый баланс

Trading company: А firm that buys products in one country and sells in another without being involved in manufacturing. Countertrading: Bar1ering agreements between two ог more countries. Direct ownership: The purchase of one ог more business operations in а

Section 1 / Lesson 10

UnfavoraЫe balance of trade - Wl1U.LЛ[lt, щwut,ц_ hw2ц_Ь-ц2t,r1. пассивный торговый баланс Trade deficit - WГ1U.LЛ[lt, 11tiч:>t,gt,LЛ (щwцwunг,11). внешнеторговый дефицит Fixed exchange rate - W[1LЛW[1dПLJl'3ti ч:>tieuц_wb L/lnt,.Jwг,dЬ-Q. фиксиро ванный валютный курс Floating exchange rate - W[lLЛW[ldnLJrati LПf"lW9ПГl L/lnt,.Jwг,dЬ-Q. плава ющий валютный курс Domestic firm - LЛЬ-rtwцwl.J ч:>tiriuw, Ql.JцЬ-г,nLf3JПLU. отечественная фирма ln return - t, L/lnt,.Jwг,t,l.JnLL.f. t, hwLЛnLgnLL.f. в ответ: взамен: в свою очередь; в оплату Joint venture - hwL.fwLЛЬ-rt 6Ь-r11..Jwг,цnLl'3JПLl.J, совместное предприятие Counter trading - L/lnt,.Jw11wг,6 wr1 L!.LЛПL[1, встречная торговля Brand name - wщг,wl.Jewut,2. торговая марка Business operations - wr1u.LЛ[1WJt,l.J qnг,bwr1l.JnLl'3JПLl.Jl.JЬ-г,. торговые сделки Multinational corporation - ц_Ь-г,wqqwJt,l.J цnг,щnг,wgt,w, транснацио нальная корпорация Trading company - WГ1U.LЛ[lwцwl.J Ql.JцЬ-г,nLf3JПLU. торговая компания Global market - qLПPWL 2ПLЦW. мировой рынок То commit assets = to invest capital - 1..JЬ-г,111..JЬ-L цwщt,LЛWL, вкладывать капитал Basic concept - ht,L.11Jwцwl.J hwuцwgnLf3JПLl.J. ht,L.fl.Jwl)[lПLJf3, основное понятие То purchase goods - ql.JЬ-L wщг,wuеuЬ-г,, покупать товар lnternational organizations - L.ft,2wqqwJt,l.J цwqL.fwцЬ-г,щnLraJnLl.Jl.JЬ-г,, международные организации То do business - qnг,bwг,wг,nLraJwL.fp qpwrtЦ.Ь-L, вести дела Antitrust laws - hwцwL.fЬ-1..Jw21..JnrihWJt,l.J ог,Ь-1..Jеl.JЬ-г,. антимонопольные законы То prohiblt briblng - wг,qЬ-LЬ-L цw2w11e LЛWLQ. цw2wr1Ь-LQ. запретить да чу взяток Foreign officials - OLЛW[lb[lЦ[lJW щw2LЛnl.JJwl.JЬ-г,. иностранные должност ные лица World trade - hwuw2t,.Jw[1hW]t,l.J WГ1U.LЛПL[1, мировая торговля World Trade Organizations (WTO) - Ur1u.LЛ[1t, hwL.fw2t,.Jwг,hwJt,l.J цwqL.fw цЬ-г,щnLraJnLl.J (U�ч). Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО)

Section 1 / Lesson 10

lnternational Monetary Fund - Uг,dnчrati ut,2wqqwJt,LJ ht,L.11Jw11г,wLI (UV�) Международный валютный фонд (МВФ) World Bank - �wL.fw2t,.Jwг,hwJt,l.J pwl.Jц. Международный Банк Economic community - LЛl.JLЛЬ-uwцwl.J hwl.Jг,nLf3JПLl.J. экономическое со общество European Community (ЕС) - t;ц_г,wL.ft,nLf3JПLU (t;ц_г,nщwцwl.J Lft,nLraJnLl.J. t;LJ). Европейкое сообщество (ЕС) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (ОРЕС) - l.Jwц_ra W[ll)JПL1..Jwhwl.Jnrt Ь-г,цг,1..JЬ-г,t, цwqL.fwцЬ-г,щnLf3JПLU (l,Ut;ч). Организация стран - экспортеров нефти (ОСЭН, ОПЕК) То reduce tariff - цг,6wLЛЬ-L LfweuwJt,1..J uwцwqt,l.JQ, понижать тариф То eliminate barriers - ц_Ь-г,wgl.JЬ-L wг,qЬ-LQl.JЬ-г,Q, устранять барьеры lnternational trade - ut,2wqqwJt,l.J wr1u.LЛПL[1, международная торговля То promote cooperation - 1..JщwuLЛЬ-L hwL.fwqnг,bwцgnLf3JWUQ содей ствовать сотрудничеству Member nations - w1..J11wu Ь-г,цг,1..JЬ-г,, страна - член То lend money - ЩW[lLЛQПЧ L/lПrt LЛWL, ссужать деньги Short - term loan - цwг,6wdwL.fцЬ-LЛ L/lnt,.Jwr1nLl'3JПLU, краткосрочный заем Developing countries - qwг,qwgnrt Ь-г,цг,1..JЬ-г, - развивающиеся страны Common economic policy - QUl)hwl.JnL[l LЛl.JLЛЬ-uwцwl.J ewriwewцwl.JnL1'3JПLU, единая экономическая политика Distribution system - pw2t,.JL.fwl.J hwL.fwцwг,q, система распределения Because of - щwLЛ6wr1n4, hЬ-LЛu.wl.Jenч. из - за: вследствие То set prices - uwhL.fwl.JЬ-L ql.JЬ-г,, устанавливать цены

Exercises

Find international words in the text and translate them.

Give Armenian equivalents for: certain goods; more efficiently; to create obstacles, through quotas and embargoes; to prohibit bribing; а great deal of involvement; appropriate distribution system; the entire world: а joint veпture; in return for а commission: while others: several approaches.

Section 1 / Lesson 10 Find English equivalents for the following in the text

Section 1 /Lesson

ut,2wqqw1tiu pt,qubuu wqqwJt,lJ uwhuwuubr,nLLI pt,qubut, qnr, bnLubnL�JwlJ UG[1ЦWJW9ПLUU t 2WLЛ wqqb[l Llwuuwqt,LЛWUПLU bu

to participate

to 1nvest (cap1tal). to f1nance

to conduct

long - term. long - range

10 to Ье 1nvolved

ub2 GflЧhflQ ПLUt, hwLIЬL.lwLЛWЦWU Wl1WL{GlПL�JПLU W[lLЛWhWUПL

11. а great deal of

11. plenty of

UQ hWJ[lbl.Jwцwu WЩ[lWUQUG[lt, 4w6w112u t OLЛW[l G[lЦ[lUG[lПLLI:

12. to view

12. home. internal

uьriunLonLUQ шн ьriчriuьriti9 wщriwueuьriti е�ь112 pьr,nLLJLJ t ьriчriti

13. to prohibit

13. to choose

Wl1ULЛ[lt, hw2чьч2t,11. Wl1ULЛ[lt, hw2чьч2ti110 G[lЧflh W[lLЛWhwuuwlJ

14. to modify

14. to charge prices

i.J. UG[lUПLOUWU LЛW[lpb[lПL�JПLUU t 46wr,w1t,u hw2чьч2ti110 nr,n2-

15. must

15. to forbid

16. to enter

16. to have to

17. to let

17. to change slightly

L{ПLU t. G[lЦt,[lU ПLUt, UЩWULЛWL{П[l 46W[lWJhlJ hw24bц2t,11 b[lp W L{Glh 2WLЛ Lt,nri t br,цr,t,g f1ПLflUC+Wltiu. QWU LIПLLЛQ qnr,bnLLI ч:>hri Llw, П[lQ П[1П2ПLU t UПLLЛQ qnr,bbl ut,2wqqW)t,U Wl1ULЛПL[l щwhwu2bl Llbb l.Jbflf1flПLLJlJbr,. hwJr,buwцwu wщr,wueubr,t, 4w6w112. oq LЛwqnr,bbl hfl WЩ[lWUQWUh2Q nr,щbu hWLЛПL9ПLU L{W[lGl ut,2wq· C+WJtiu pt,qubu

WЩ[lWUQWLt,ntuwuwцnL�JWU

Paraphrase the following sentences. 1.

w11wug wr,LЛwf1riwчwu qnr,b QlJ�wg t, ub2 ubr,

qr,w44wb lhUblПL

А firm engaged in international business must generally аdаи to foreign markets.

hwuWCIWJUW·

q[lb[l 2 чwu wчblh G[lЦ[lUbflh ut,21.J. qnr,bbl ЩПРWl ht,ueti ЧflW Translate the following phrases with participle 11:

2. 3.

Prices of products тау Ье set differently. Several organizations also exist to facilitate world trade

These laws allow banks to participate in JOint ventures. А nation сап also restr1ct trade through import tariff · quotas...

goods made in another country; countries involved in international business: money spent Ьу tourists in other countries: exchange rate set Ьу the government policy; the entire world viewed as а large market; а firm engaged in international business: the European

6. 7.

These laws prohibit bribing of fore1gn off1cials.

8. 9.

Several laws affect these firms.

Firms take different approaches to conduct bus1ness.

These laws allow banks to participate in Joint ventures. 1 О. А firm must select an approach if it decides to enter internatirmal

community formed in 1950. 5.

10. domestic

П[1П2WЧh WЩ[lWUQUG[lt, i.J. OWl1WJПL�JПLUUb[lt, W[llЛWf1[1ПL�JWU

------------ - �--

trade.

Match the words оп the left with the expressions оп the right. 1.

to affect

to make easy, help

to Ье engaged

to guide, to direct. to manage

Why do firms become involved in international business';

to select

to соте into, join

Explain the difference between an exporting and importing.

to set prices

to allow

to commit

to look at, to consider

long - run

to take part in

to facilitate

to influence

Questions for discussions.

Give the list of several organizations the role of w�1ich i·; to

facilitate world trade. Characterize the basic concepts of international irade.

What is meant Ьу exchange rate ? Speak about two type; of Exchange rate (Fixed exchange rate & Floating excf1ange ratr)

�9

Section 1 / Lesson 10 6.

Give examples of products that Armenia exports and those it imports Ьу filling in the tаЫе (diagram).

LESSON 11

The Importance and Role of the Personnel Department

Armenia

Exports

lmports

Personnel refers to all the people who work for а firm Most large companies have special personnel departments which аге responsiЫe for employer - employee relations. The personnel department is а staff department. wh1ct1 means that it 1s not directly involved in production. but that it provides а service to the managers. The most important services which the personnel department provides аге recrшting. that is, finding new workers ог managers for the company, deciding which applicants are most suitaЫe for employment Ьу the firm, and developing and implementing personnel polic1es and procedures for the benefit of the company as well as the employees. Most businesses continually need to recruit good personnel to replace workers who retire ог quit and to fill new jobs created when the company expands. After management has determined the goals of the company and the positions needed, the personnel department must find qualified people to fill those positions. Depending upon management policy and the nature of the position. recruiting may Ье done internally ог externally. lnternal recruitment means that the person chosen for the position is selected from the current employees of the company. This is e1ther Ьу promotion ог transfer. Promotion means an employee receives а JOb with тоге authority and responsiЫlity than his present job. The employee usually expects to receive an increase in salary along with tl1e new position. А transfer refers to а job ог departmeпt change for а worker. А transfer without promotion is а lateral transfer. lt may involve different working conditions ог different hours. Companies that recruit internally often promote internally, which means that the managers have worked their way up from lower positions. lt may also mean that the company may hire new employees only at lower positions. External recruitment means that the company is looking for new employees from outside the firm. AII companies do some type of external recruitment. lf they аге looking for employees with special tra1ning ог education, they will often recruit at university campuses.

Section 1 / Lesson 11

They make arrangements w1th the placement office at the campus to interview graduating students. Somet1mes they аге seeking top ,evel managers who they w1II recrtJit from other firms. often from 1he1r competitors. Other metl1ods of recruiting involve the use of advert1s:ng in newspapers and professional puЫications. and even. paying а fee ог commission to an executive placement service. Most recruiting involves а job announcement containing а description of the job The personnel department produces а formal job descпption. lf the firm is not well known. the JOb description may begin with some basic information about the company and its products This is usually followed Ьу the title of the position the company wants to fill. for example. Senior Design Engineer ог Vice President in Charge of Finance. Then the duties and responsiЫlities of the job аге given as well as where that position fits in the organizational chart (that is. who the person reports to and who the person supervises ). Next арреаг the qualifications for the JOb, such as the professional tra1ning ог skills needed. The salary and fringe benefits paid for Ьу the company should also Ье mentioned. F1nally. the job description will tel1 the applicant exactly what to do if he 1s interested in the position.

Personnel The personnel department should have а method for choosing the best candidate from among the applicants for the position. lп some companies this may involve testing prospective employees. Civil service ог government jobs often require applicants to compete with each other

Section 1 / Lesson 11

:onditюns. salary scale. and tr1nge benetits such as pa1d vacatюn. pa1d s1ck - leave. group 1nsurance. pensюn or ret1rement plan - all th1ngs rece1ved 1n addition to рау. Part of the policy тау also 1nclude а procedure for notifying employees of openings ог promotional opportunities. ln addition. there is often а procedure for handling grievances, wh1ch an employee сап use if he feels that he has been treated unfairly Ьу the employer. AII of these items may Ье part of а union contract between the employer and the employees who аге members of а union.

Vocabulary Notes То refer to - ц.t;г,wpt;г,ц.t;l, относиться; касаться Personnel department - чwriг,t;г,t,, w1.J6uwчwqt..ft, pwdt,1.J. отдел кадров Staff department - чwriг,t;г,t, pwdt,1.J (Ч.W[l[WЧWU w1.J6uwчwqt..ft,). отдел кадров (управленческого персонала) Employer - employee relation - «q.nг,bwuinL - ч.wг,anL W2r.JWU1nrp> hw г,wpt;г,nLfaJПLuut;г,, отношения между нанимателем и наёмной рабо чей силой То Ье involved with/in production -1.Jt;г,q.г,wч.ч.wo Lti1.Jt;L wг,uiwriг,nLtaJWlJ tJt:;2, быть вовлеченным в производство То implement personnel policies - чwririwJt,1.J J2Wf'lWJ2WЧWUПLfaJПL1.J t, riwчwuwg1.Jt;L, проводить кадровую политику For the benefit of the cumpany - QUЧG[lПLfaJWlr oq.uit,1.J, в пользу ком пании (общества)

То recruit personnel - hwt..fWL[lGL w1.Jauwчwqt..f[1. пополнять личный сос тав (персонал) То fill а position =to fill а job - щwzuinu qpwфg1.Jt;L, занимать должность lnternal recruitment - 1.Jt;г,et,u hwt..fWL[lПLt..f, внутреннее пополнение An increase in salary - w2r.Jwuiwч.wг,at, pwг,aг,wgnLLf, повышение за работной платы То depend on/upon - чwr.Jч.wb Lti1.Jt;L t,1.Jt-nri pwut,g, зависеть от чего-то

work with others may Ье judged.

Lateral transfer (without promotion) - nnuiwgt,w (w2r.Jwuiwu12t,g w2-

Some people feel the most important fuпction of the personпc•! department is the development of personnel policies. For efficieпcy and

r.JWU1WUJ2 ЦlПr,JWf1[1ПLU wnwug Wr1W2r.JWJ'lWQUWU), ротация (перевод с одной работы на другую без повышения в должности)

fairness а company should have а specific formal written ргосеdше fc·

External recruitment - wг,uiwet,1.J hwt..fWL[lПLt..f, пополнение за счет

dealing with its employees. These procedures should state working

внешней рабочей силы

оп written tests. Those applicants with the highest scores аге selected for an interview. Other companies may assign points for certain items оп the application form, such as experience ог educatюп. 1 hey тау trren tot::: тhе points and select the applicants with !111::J l1ighest totals. After the applications have been evaluated, the best qualified applicants аге invited to an interview. ln the interview the applicant's personality and aЫ!ity

Section 1

Lesson 11

То receive а job - w2tuwmwue umw\Jшt. получить работу From outside the firm - Ч)t'1( 1tJw1tig l)ПL(lU, вне фирмы Executive placement office w2tuwmwueti mb11wцn11t1wu q11wul:iuJwч. служба (офис} по трудоустройству

Graduate students

w4w11mwljw\J Ljnц1ut, nшwun11ub(l. выпускники

учебного заведения

Working conditions w2tuwmwuew1tiu щwJtJw\J\Jbfl. условия труда University campus - hwtlwtuш11wut, LЛw[lwbe. территория университета То make arrangements - щw1tJwuw4n11Цbt, договариваться: уславли ваться (с кем либо)

Тор \evel manager

q[tuWЧП[l чш11шчw11t�t, tun2n11 tJl:iub2ь11. управля

ющий высшего уровня

То make а suggestion - w11w2w11чnLtaJnL\J w\Jl:it, делать предложение То determine the goals uwhtJwub[ uщwmwчubfl. определять цели То рау а fee - 4w116wLЛ[lbL, выплачивать заработную плату (возна граждение)

А job announcement - W2ttJWLЛWUEГ1 LЛb!'lWL{П[lUWU hWJLЛWflWflПL iaJПLU, объявление о найме на работу

А job description - w2tuwmwueti pun11n2nLtJ, должностная инструкция Well - known hwJmuti. 6w\JwtЦwb, хорошо знакомый: широко известный То Ье interested in - hbLЛWEflE!lЧWb ttil.JbL, быть заинтересованным Professional training (skills) tJwu\Jwqt,mwчwu (4b11w)щwm11wumПLtJ, профессиональная (пере)подготовка

Senior design engineer - uwtuwqbuw\J щtuwЦn(l t,uctb\Jbfl, главный ин женер проекта

Organizational chart - LjwqtJwцb11щtшчwu Ljw11nLg4wbeti qbwщwm ЧGJl, чшquшчЬflЩ[ШЦWU qbWЩWLЛЦGfl, структура организации Vice president in charge of Finance - Ч)t,\Jwuuut;11t, qbnЦ Lt,ntuuшtuw qwh, вице - президент по финансовым вопросам Fringe benefits - Lf1WQПLQГ1t 46w(lПLUUt.J1, дополнительные выплаты

То choose а candidate QULЛ[lb[ rat.чuwbnL, выбрать кандидатуру То test empolees - mbumwчnflbL w2tuwmwцt,g\Jl:if1Г1U, тестировать ра ботников (служащих)

Section 1

Lesson 11

Civil service - ewriwewgt,wЦwl.J cw11wJnLta/ПLlJ государственная trраж данская) служба

Government job - чw11wl(wrчwчwu w2tuwmwl.J12 государственная ра бота (служба) Written test - qJlWЧПfl rabuLЛ, письменный тест

То select applicants [!ULЛflb[ rat.чuwbnLUbfl, отбирать кандидатов То invite to an interview - hflWЧГ1flGL hWflQWQflПLJ9Г1· пригласить на ин тервью

Personnel policy- ЧWl)(lWJГlU ewriwewчwunLtaJПLU. кадровая политика Mamagement policy - ЧW11Wl{Wf1UWU (11bljw4w11t1wu) EWl'lWQwljwunL laJПLU, политика управления (руководства)

Written procedure q[lWL{Пfl 12urawgwчw11q, письменная процедура То make а decision n11n2nLLf ljwJwgubL, принять решение Application form - 11tiLfnLtJt, 6LL, форма заявки Salary scale w2tuwuiw4w116t, uwu1111wч, шкала заработной платы Paid vacation - l{DWfll{Пl'l W[lCJWЦПLfll), ОПЛаЧИВаемый ОТПУСК Paid Sick leave ht,L[WUl)ПL!aJWU !аG(l!аГ1ЧПЧ W(lCJWЦПL(lf1, оплаченный

отпуск по болезни

ln addition to рау - ti LflПLUU чw116шLЛf1ПL!aJU:u. сверх оплаты (возна граждения)

То handle grievances - чшrqw4n11t.L 11ctqnhnLraJnLuub110.. pn11neubflO., справляться с недовольством (жалобами)

То treat unfairly WUWflf1ШflWQГ, 4b[1wpb11чt.L, относиться несправед ливо

Promotional opportunities - щwzuinut, w11ш2tuwriwguw\J huwrwЦn flПL!aJПLUUb[l, пеrспективы повышения по службе

То notify employees - LЛl:if1bljwg\JbL bw11w1n11ut.11tiu. уведомлять слу жащих

Union contract - ЩWJLfw\Jwqt,11 wrhut,nL/aJШU hbLЛ, соглашение с профсоюзом

То assign points - Lft,Wl{П[lUG[l LЛW[, давать ОЧКИ То total the points - wuLt,nlt,bL Lft,w4n11ul:i(lQ, подсчитывать очки

Section 1

Lesson 11

5ection 1

UW[l hwLJ.wц!Jn[1Г)Ub[1119 wt.Il:il.JWLWЧ. rabц!JwbnLI, (!UUlllПL[ajПLU ш щwqш OW11WjПflUbflh UUlПЩПLU hwЦwц!JnrщLJЬ-nhg щwhwLJ24nLt.f t t.Ir,gt;l wt.Ibuwpwr,or urwLJ.nr,utir,nLJ. hwLJ.wцunnГ)LJbno wL.fц,nц,t;l t.JrwL(n r,lJl:;fl[! wt.Jt:;1.Jwpw[l6[1 П[1ШЦШЧ.Пf1ПLU ПL!Jl:;gnfl hwlj_WЦUП[1f)1Jb[1 PПflПQUb f 111 W[l6w1Jwqr,t.Iw1.J qnr,bQ!Jrawg. ПLUbUWL w2tuwuiw L(Wfl6h P.Wfl0[1WQПLU 1.Jnr, щw2uinuti w1Jg1JbLПL цwщwцgnL[aJWt.fp w2tuwLЛWUQh QUf)ПLUUWU hWJUlWflW[lПLfaJПLU. w2tuwuiwl.JQl1 UЦW [1WQ[lПL[aJПLU. Wl1UtL\tiL W2ГUWUlWЦhg1Jb!1h hbu,

Exercises 1.

Find international words in the text and translate them into Armenian.

Give Armenian equivalents for:

which means: the personnel depat1ment provides: implementing procedures: to determine the goals of the company: specia1 training: to retire: to quit: well - known: such as: to interview graduate students: finally: to Ье interested in the position: civil service: with the highest scores: application form: to total the points: to select the applications: to invite to an interview: to affect employee morale: to state: working conditions: salary scale: for notifying employees: aЬility to work. 3.

Translate the following phrases with а)

Participle 1

finding new workers or managers: deciding which applicants are most suitaЫe for employment: implementing personnel policies; depending upon management: containing а description of the job.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text:

WJU Lfwn11чw1.Jg, nL(Qb[l w2tuwU1ПLU bl.J ФrnL.fwJПLU щwu,wutuw UWUlПL Ll11JbL <ЩП[lOWUlПL ll. L(w[l6ПL w2tuwuinri.» hwr,wpbflПL(cJПLU1.Jbr,r hWUW[l WJU w1.JLf!"12WЦWUП[lb1.J 1.Jt;r,qr1wL(L(wb tt W[1UlWf)flПL (cJWU Ubj?. pwJg WJU, П[l f)W OW11WJПL(cJПLU t UWUlПLQПLU ЦWl1WL(W [ll1ll.Jl:;J11'1U wubl.Jwцwr,ll.nr, bwnwJnL(cJПL1J1Jb[l[!. nr,nl.JQ t.IwuiщgnLtl t ЦWf)[lbr,11 pwd!"11.J[!. ПJ1П2ЬLПL(, П[l hwL(WЦUП[lf)1Jbr,l1 bl.J wt.Jb1Jw ЦW[1U.П[1[! (ФrnuwJПLU OW11WJbLПL hwt.Iwr,) qnroourcwgl.Jb[1 [lUЦb [lПL(cJWU oquirl.J hWUWL[lbL UП[l UUlbflbL(wb w2tuwu,wuibflb[l[! br,p oчbr,nL(cJПLUU [!UГHWJUL(ПLU t. щwhwu2L(nri. щw2uin1.J1.Jl:;r,.

цwtuL(wb ЦW11WL(WJ1UWU QWflWQWЦWUПL(cJПLU!"19 U. ЩW2UlПU!1

pl.Jnцrcrg. щw2uin1.Jr hwt.Iwr, [!UUl[lL(Wb WU6[l. [!UU1[1L(ПLU t [lUЦb JlПL(cJWU Wl1ЦW OWl1WJПfl.1Jbr,rg UW W[1L(ПLU t цw't.J ЩW2UlПU!1 pwr,6r,wguwup, чw't.I WJL w2tuwuiw1.Jer uibri.wL11ntul:iLПL[. UUlWUWL pW[l6[l W21'uWUlWL[W[l6 W2ttJWU1WUQ!1 ЦWU pwd1.J!"1 Ll1nll1nttJПL (cJПLU. чwnwl[wnrrubr,o. uчubL l:;1.J i,r,t;l.Jg nщru wL[bLr gwbr, щw2u,n1.J1.Jbr,rg hWUWL[lUWU WJL t.Ibrcn111.Jbr,[l 1.Jbr,wnnLU t;u rct.rrcbr,nLLf qnL(Wqf)r U. UWUUWQl1U1WЦWU h[1WЩW[lWЦПLLl1.Jbr,!1 OQUlWQП[l OПLU. w2tuwuiwl.JQl1 1.Jцwr,wq[1ПL(cJПLU ЩW[lПLUWЦПfl hWJUlW[lW

[lПL(cJПLU. UlWL W2ttJWUlWUQ!1 UЦW[lWQ[lПL[aJПLU ЩW2UlПU, П[lQ [!U

Цb(1ПlfaJПLU[! gwl.JЦWUПLU t hWUW[[lbL [!UЦb[lПLfaJWU ЦПfltlhg L[tiw[1L(wb w2tuwuiwL(wr,6 u. Ll 1WQПL911t bцwunLml.Jbfl. щw2uin1.JI, hw-

Lesson 11

Ь)

Participle 11

new jobs created; the positions needed: the person chosen for the position; the salary paid for Ьу the compang: all things received оп time. 5.

Study the derivatives of the following words and use them in the sentences of your own /make up а dialogue with your partner. Verb

, � �

Promote Employ

Noun Qualification

Promotion [ Employer, employee, employment ,1 Determine Determination Authorize Authority DescriЫe Description Base Basis Compete Competitor, competition Recruit Recruit, recruitment Sraff Staff Require requirement

�

дd·

Qualif:::•iv•�

Promotюnal EmployaЫe Determining Authorized Descriptive Basic Competing Staff Required

:;ection 1 / Lesson 11

Section 1 / Lesson 11

----�-----�--- ------- ----

Match the words and arrange them in pairs. 1.

to promote

complaint of unfai r t reatment

vacancy

to decide

То retire

unfilled post/position/

external

seeking new employee/ employees/

recruitment

to car r y out, to put into use

6. 7.

to determine grievance

6. 7.

outside to stop wo rking after а ce rtain age

to implement

to assign а more important joЬ/to move

а) Ь) с)

Paraphrase the following sentences. 1 А staff department is not directly involved with p r oduction 2 Recruiting refers to finding new employees or manage rs for the company. 3 When workers retire or quit, the personnel department must recruit new worke rs to fill the vacancies. 4 А company recruits internally if it wishes to fill vacancies Ьу t ransfer r ing or p r omoting current employees. 5When an employee is promoted he receives а position with more authority and responsibility and usually an increase in salary. 6 Fringe benefits are what the employee receives in addition to his wages. 7 Exte rnal recruitment means that а company is seeking new employees from outside the firm.

d) 5.

most suitaЫe for

а)

benefits

Ь)

employment

с)

employee

p romotion

lf а company is recruiting new employees, they might а) Ь)

adve rtise in newspape rs

с)

qualify fo r the job

попе of these

p romote а new employee

superviso rs new rec ruits cu rrent employees competitors

То fill the vacancy in the accounting department they are seeking the person who is best а)

p romoted

Ь) с) d)

competitive qualified autho rized

6. The person being promoted receives more а) autho rity Ь) responsiЬility

Select the answer which best completes the meaning of the sentence. 1. The personnel department must decide which applicants are the

The personnel pol1c1es should prov1de а method tor settling employee grievances. An employee who has а gпevance а) may Ье promoted Ь) will Ье fired с) should fill out an application d) thinks he was treated unfai rly

The pe rsonnel department announces а promotional examin ation next week. This examination is intended for

up to higher rank o r position/ 7.

с) d) 9.

salary all of these

Answer the questions about the text: 1. What's the importance and role of the person nel department? 2. Why do most businesses continually need to recruit? 3. When must the personnel department find qualified people to fill the new positions? 4. How may recruiting Ье done? 5.

Explain what is meant Ьу external recruitment: interna l recruit ment; lateral transfer. What two methods do employers use to select applica nts for an inte r view?

Section 1

Lesson 11

7. What сап interviews reveal about the applicants? 8. What is а prospective employee? 1О. Why does а company need to have а policy which is written down? What could Ье the result of not having an estaЫished · policy? 11. What are fringe benefits?

____ _______________ Glossary for Lesson 11 дpplicant: а person who is seek1ng а JOb and has taken some spec1fic

actюn to get the job. AII applicants for the pos1tion should have а m1nimum of two years' experience. Competitor: another 1ndividual or firm in а similar business that tries to attract the same customers or clients. Соса Cola and Pepsi Cola are competitors in the soft drink business. Duty: the 0Ы1gation or responsibility of а job. The policeman has the duty to protect the citizens. Employee: а person who works for another, usually for рау. General Motors Corporation has several thousand employees. The company provides generous benefits for the employees. Employer: а person or company that provides work. The employer must рау social security taxes for each worker. The employer provides medical insurance for the workers. Evaluate: to decide the value or worth of something; to measure an applicant's qualifications. People who apply for the job will Ье evaluated regarding their experience and skills. Expand: to grow. to add space or employees to а company Because our company has expanded, there will Ье а need for new employees. Experience: aЬility acquired through practice of а skill, craft, or job. The applicant has five years' experience as an electrician. Fringe benefit: what is received in addition to salary. This company provides generous fringe benefits for its employees, i ncluding insurance, а pension plan, and medical and dental payments. Goals: purposes, what а company wants to accomplish lt is our goal this year to increase sales Ьу ten percent. Grievance: а reason to complain about treatment or an injustice. The employee who was fired filed а grievance with the personnel department. lmplement: to put into effect.

Section 1 / Lesson 11

The new personnel policy will Ье implemented July 1 . lnterview: а face to face meeting and questюn and answer sessюn w1th

the person who makes hiring decisions. Applicants will have an 1nterv1ew with the personnel d1rector Lateral: from one side to another: on the organizatюnal chart. across rather than up She was secretary to the sales manager. but now she is secretary to the production manager She d1dn't receive а promotion. just а lateral transfer Manager: а person who directs. supervises, or controls а business or а department of а business The sales manager has hired three new salesmen. The manager can decide who will receive the promotion. Organizational Chart: а schematic drawing showing the relationships between managers. supervisors. and workers According to the organizational chart, the Vice President for Finance supervises the Accounting Department. Personnel: all the people who \VOrk for а company We could increase production if we had enough personnel. Contact the personnel department to apply for а job Promotion: change of jobs to one with more authority and responsiЬility and usually an increase in salary. Не was а salesman. but he received а promotion and no,v he is the sales manager. Qualify: have the necessary aЬilities and skills for а job. А person can qualify for а government job on the basis of his score on the civil service examination. Recruit: to find new workers for а company or а position. The personnel department needs to recruit some new secretaries. Respoпsibllity: liaЬility, accountaЫlity, situation of having to explain one's own actions and answer for them. The manager has the responsibility to see that all the work is completed Ьу Friday. Salary: amount of money paid regularly for work.

Section 1

Lesson 11

.As ап accountant for our company, you will earn а salary of $40.000 рег y•ear. Staff: the employees respoпsiЫe for 1nternal operation of the orgaп1zation rather than production The Accouпting Department is а staff department. SuitaЫe: аЫе to Ье used for а specific purpose. As soon as we find а suitaЫe applicant. we will h1re him. Training: а program of learning а specific skill New employees are given three weeks' training in the operatioп of the machinery. Transfer: а change of jobs from one division of а company to another ,vithout an increase in responsiЬility. authority. or salary. Не received а transfer from the personnel department to the advertising department.

Section 1 / Lesson 12

LESSON 12

What is Management? мanagement 1s 'he ,1pp1icatюn ,)t р1апп1пg.

:1gaп1,:111cJ ;tatfiпg. directing and controlling functюns 1n the most effic:em :т,апr,е; ро�;s1Ые 11l order to accomplish meaningful organizational obJect1ves Maпagement 1s

carried out Ьу one ог more managers to get th1ngs done through other people. The successful management team develops clear obJect1ves and enthusiastically undertakes programs and proJects to accomplish them. ObJectives аге desired results to Ье reached Ьу а certain time. They аге

specific, state what is to Ье accomplished and indicate when it will Ье achieved. Management theorists have identified five primary functions of managers: planning. organizing, staffing, directing, controlling. Planning

involves developing а set of actions to achieve objectives. Planning essentially means deciding in advance what is to Ье done. Plans alone do not bring about desired results, but without а plan and а set of objectives, managerial actions аге likely to produce confusion. Planning is а task that

each manager must do every day. Organizing consists of grouping people and assigning activities so that job tasks and mission сап Ье carried out. Staffing involves the selection, placement, training, developing, and compensation of subordinates. Directing involves taking charge, initiating action, and directly motivating employees. The directing function is а part

of any manager's job, but the time and effort managers spend in directing vary with their position in the managerial hierarchy, the number of assigned subordinates and the type of job activities being performed. Controlling is monitoring, ог checking, employees and taking action to correct discrepancies between objectives and performance. Controlling is concerned with making certain that plans are correctly implemented. ln carrying out the five major management functions, managers

perform various roles. А manager has three major roles to fulfill: interpersonal, informational, and decision making. мanagers assume interpersonal roles as they constantly interact with others to саггу out the organizations objectives Managers lead, inspire,

----·-- -·�---

1not1vate. c1пrJ '"ncoшc1.qe ,:;mplovees. Лlev ,:оmmшж:зtе ,:oпt1rJe11r,p ,tпn rr.t,tL,ai ir:;spect. Maпc1.gers ,1lso pla11 11,tm matюпal roles IJy l,e1пcJ thP с; гощ.; •; tocal 1ю1пt. Maпc1.gers sho1,1cJ l1av1:; а total 1J1ctum ,Jf thP grotщ. 1ts :;trpnqths :нld weakness ancJ 1ts пeeds. With th1s kпowiedge. :тiaпagers process ,пtormatюп flow1пg to апd rrom the CJГOLJP. teecJ1пg rt tlle relevaпt 1ntormatюn. Managers must accept 1·espoпs1b1lity to1· ,Jec1sюn mak1пg. Пlе manager must take b1ts of 1nformatюn from varюus sources. 1nter1ect а personal op1nюn. апd cons1der the present s1tuатюп. analyze the resources availaьle. and then tie th1s all together betore reaching а decision.

Vocabulary notes ln efficient manner - Wflf1JПL\JwLjtaл l::i11w\JwljnLj. эффективным (дей ственным) способом То accomplish objectives - t,r,wqnr,bl::iL \JщwLЛwlj\Jl::ir,. выполнить цели То carry out management - t,r,wljw\Jwg\Jl::iL Ljw11wLjwr,nLLfQ. осуще ствлять управление То get things done - ЦWLЛWfll::iL w2tuwLЛw\J12Q. выполнять работу Management team - ЦWl1WЦWfltWЦWU �t,Lf, ЦW11WЦWfltWЦW\J r,JПLUp, руководящая группа (высшие администраторы корпораций ) То reach objectives - hwu\Jl::iL \JщwLЛwlj\Jl::ir,t,\J, достичь целей То undertake а program - \Jwtuwol::;11\Jl::iL br,wqt,r,, предпринять про грамму (план действий) Primary function - ht,Lf\Jwljw\J, qnr,bw11nч�. основная, базовая функция А set of functions - Lft, 2Wf1!2 qnr,bnf1ПL�JПL\J\Jl::ir,, ряд действий Managerial actions - Ljw11wLjwr,twчw\J qnr,bn11nL�JnL\J\Jl::ir,, управлен ческие (административные) действия То achieve objectives - hwu\Jl::iL \JщwLЛwlj\Jl::ir,t,\J, достичь целей ln advance - \Jwtuwщl::iu, заблаговременно, заранее То bring about - w11w2wg\Jl::iL, t,r,wqnr,bl::iL, hw\Jql::ig\Jl::iL, вызывать; осу ществлять Consist of - pw11чwgwb LtiUl::iL, состоять ИЗ То produce confusion - tuw11\Jw2ч,n� w11w2wg\Jl::iL, вызвать смятение (путаницу)

Section 1 / Lesson 12

"-------·-· --- --- �- -- -

Job tasks=job missions - w2�wLЛwu12wJru wnw2w1111wu12ubri служеб ные поручения Training of subordinates

burawцwl.Jbflr L[b[lwщwLЛflWULЛПLLI пере-

Exercises 1.

management: manager: direct: control. efficrent manner: orga111zatюn.

подготовка подчиненных Compensation of subordinates - burawцwuti11Г1 L[w[laWLЛflПLU. возна

enthusiast: program: project: role: personal

ответственность То take actions - ur2пgwnnLUUG[l abnl.JW[lЦGl, предпринять действия

the application of planning: the selection of subordinates: JOb missions:

То correct discrepancies - hW[lfcbl LЛW[lWOWJUПLfcJПLl.Jl.Jb[lQ (hwцwunL

То make certain - hwL[wuLЛГJWUWl, удостовериться в

employees. to perform satrsfactorily: placement of subordinates the core skills: successful management team: to implement correctly 3.

То implement plans - ЦWLЛWflbl, r11wqn[10til Щlwl.Jl.Jb[lQ. выполнить (реа лизовать) планы То fulfill objectives - rrwцwuwgl.Jbl UЩWLЛWЦUG[lQ, осуществить (за вершить) цели Mutual respect - ч,n�w11w11a hw11qwu12. взаимное уважение То perform а role - l)Gfl �W'l.Wl, играть роль То play а role - l)Gfl �W'l.Wl, играть роль То fulfill а role - l)Gfl �W'l.Wl, играть роль

цwnwL[w[lПLUQ QUl)q[lЦПLU t ЩW[lLЛWL[П[lПL[cJWU ULЛWUOUПLU. u2w uwцL[wb GU[cWЦWUG[lГ) QWUWЦQ. LЛW[lWOWJUПL[cJПLUUG[lQ hW[lfcGlПL uti2ngub11 abnuwrl.JblnL[. L[b[lwhuцnri.nLraJnLl.JQ цwщl[wb t. hwL[wu LЛtiwuwlnL[. П[l ЩlWUUG[lQ 62qfltiLЛ ЦWLЛW[ll[ПLU bl.J. ЩWLЛWU�W UWLЛL[ПL[cJПLU Ц[lGl П[1П2ПLU ЦWJwgl.JblПL hwUW[l L[b[lgl.Jbl LЛb'l,b ЦWLЛL[ПL[cJПLU LЛW[lpb[l W'l.PJПL[lUG[lГ)Q. hw2L[ti wnl.Jbl UG[lЦW ti11wL[ti-

То accept responsibllity - щwLЛwu�wl.JwLЛL[ПLfcJПLU Цflbl, нести ответ ственность То resolve а conflict - lПLObl цnl.J'{JlГJЦLЛQ, разрешить конфликт Computer skills - hwuwl.jw[lq[WJГ1U nLl.Jwl.jnLraJnLl.Jl.Jb[l. htJLЛntr�Jntl.Jl.Jbfl, компьютерныР. навыки 1-,1,:1

11.1ie»·:1:•-,нr;·_;1 на,1 роль

6wцQ. L[b[llПLObl wnцw nbUПL[lUUG[lQ. цwnwl[w[l[WЦШU W[lП.JПLliu

Organizatioпal objective - цwq,L.'uJЦb[lщwцwu uщwLЛwl.j, организаци

L[bLЛ ratitJQ qw[lqwgl.JnLU t hULЛШЦ uщwu1wцubr1 ЩlWUWL{Г,[lПLUQ �Ul)Г)[l t, П[lQ JПL[lWJ2WU[JПL[l ubub2b11 ЩGLЛJ2 t ЦWLЛW[lГ) wubl.J O[l

онная цел::, Personal opinion - wuauwцwu цw11ЬГ1Q, LЛbuwl.jbLЛ, личное мнение (взгляд) Managerial hierarchy - цwnwl[w[l[Wl.jwu htibflWfl�tiw. щw2LЛnl.Jwцw11qn.LraJ nLl.J, управленческая иерархия

Find English equivalents for the following in the text: '1'1lwl.Jwl[n11uwu. Ljwquwl.jb[lЩUWU. wual.Jwl.jwqur au.wL[n[lUWU ri.bцwL[w[lUWU u. L[b[lwhuцn-ri.nL[cJWU ЦГ)[lWГJПLU r11wцwuwgl.Jbl цwquwl.jb[lЩWЦWU UЩWLЛWЦUG[lQ wubl.Jww[ll)JПLUWL[bLЛ bri.wuw цnl[ WJl UW[ll)ЦWUQ uti2ngnl[ ЦWLЛWflGl W2�WLЛWUJ2Q u2wl.Jbl hULЛWЦ UЩWLЛWЦUb[l UЩWLЛWЦUb[lQ gwl.JЦWlГ) W[ll)JПLUJ2UG[lU l:;l.J ubub2uburati htiuq htiuwuwцwu qn[lOWГ2ПLJ[cUb[lQ. l.Jw�wщbu П[lП21:ilПL[ Г)U[ ЩGLЛQ t tirwцwuwgl[ti. O[lWq[lb[lQ tiuouru [GU hwl.Jqbgl.JnLU gwul.Jwlti Wflf1JПLUJ2Ubflti. �wnuw2чinranLraJnLl.J wnw2wgl.Jbl wJl.Jщbu. П[l W2�WLЛWUQWJГ)U WГ2W2Wf1[1WUQUG[lQ ЦW[lП'l. t;LJ tirwцwuwgl[til,

То make sure - hwunql[bl, hwL[wuLЛГ)WUWl, убеждаться: удостовериться

lnterpersor,'I role - uh ;; u.111<',uш1h1 1

Give Armenian equivalents for: to deal with the government: product distribution: to encourage

fcJПLl.Jl.Jb[lQ). устранять разногласия (противоречия) То Ье concerned with - L[b[lwpbflbl, wnl.J[L[bl, относиться к; касаться

information: group:

conflict: communication: risk: act: monitoring: image: effectrvely.

граждение подчиненных То take charge - ЩW[lLЛWL[П[lПLfcJПLl.J uLЛwl.Jal.Jbl (L[b11gl.Jbl). брать

Translate the following international words:

Study the word "term" and use them in the sentences of your own: 1.

Term-dwul.jbLЛ, срок Short-term=short-run=short-range=short time - цw116wdwul.jbLЛ, краткосрочный

Section 1 / Lesson 12

to govern-government-governmental-governor:

Long-term=long-run=long-range=long time - t:;r,цwr,wdwuцt:;LЛ. долгосрочный

to supervise-supervision-supervisor; to communicate-communication-communicative: to inform-information-informational:

Term (s) =щwJuw\.J\.Jt:;r,. условия Terms of payment-L[6wr,uw1.J щwJuw\.J\.JЬ-r,. условия оплаты UnacceptaЫe terms-w\.JQ1.Jl)ПL1.JЬ-Lr щwJLfw\.J\.JЬ-r,. неприемлемые условия

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 1О. 12. 13. 14. 7.

Study the derivatives and translate therт\ · to direct-direction-director;

tп

c1cti • •. ,1"'

Ji · ,. 1nizational-organizer;

.1anage-manager11·-· 1t-managerial-manager;

to function total to monitor mission application major to indicate to accomplish objective

2. 3. 4. 5. 7.

8. 9. 1О. 11 . 12. 13. 14.

choice conflict to include to control. to supervise actions specific task ог duty to watch, to check to work, to operate to begin, to originate entire goal, purpose to саггу out. to finish, to complete employment. use general, basic point out

Paraphrase the following sentences 1. Management is carried 01Jt Ьу one ог more managers to get things actions to achieve objectives. 3. Staffing involves the selection, compensation of subordinates and so оп. 4. Organizing consists of grouping people and assigning activities. 5 These managers must Ье skilled in recruiting key personnel. 6. Managers constantly interact

ном выражении ln percentage terms-LЛПЦПUWJt,1.J LЩlLЛWhWJLЛПL[aJWUP, в про 5.

discrepancy selection to direct to involve to initiate

done through other people. 2. Planning involves developing а set of

выражении ln value terms - wr,dЬ-QWJt,1.J W[lLЛWhWJLЛПL[aJWUP, в стоимост

центном выражении

Match the words and arrange them in pairs: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Terms of sale - L[w6wnQt, щwJuw\.J\.JЬ-r,. условия продажи То соте to terms=to make terms - щwJuw\.Jwц,nr,L[Ь-L. hwuw bwJl.iПLfaJW\.J qwL, договариваться: принять условия. пойти на уступки Term - w\.Jb\.Jwцw\.J hwr,wpb[1ПLfaJПL1.J1.JЬ-r,. личные взаимоотношения Оп good (bad) terms - LWL[ (ц,wLЛ) hwr,wpt:;r,nLtaJW\.J uЬ-2. в хоро ших (плохих) отношениях Оп friendly terms - pwr,t:;цwuwцw\.J hwr,wpt:;r,nLtaJW\.J uЬ-2. в дружеских отношениях Term-LЛЬ-r,ut,1.J. термин Economic terms - LЛl.iLЛЬ-uwqt,LЛwцw\.J LЛЬ-r,ut,1.J\.JЬ-r,. экономические термины Legal terms - t,r,wL[wpw\.Jwцw\.J LЛЬ-r,ut,1.J\.Jt:;r,, правовые (юридические) термины Term - цt,uwuJWЦ, wr,LЛwhwJLЛПLfaJWLfp. полугодие, в выражении The subjects of the first term-wnw2t,1.J цt,uwuJwцti wnwr,цw\.Jt:; [1[!. предметы первого полугодия ln terms of money - ririwut, wr,LЛwhwJLЛПLfaJWUP, в денежном

Section 1 / Lesson 12

with others to fulfill the organization's objectives. 7. These аге 4 саге skills that managers need to acquire and practice. 8.

Answer the questions: 1.

How сап the term management Ье defined ?

Which аге the five tunctions performed Ьу successful manageгs ?

Explain the three types of managerial roles.

Section 1 / Lesson 13

the company. lnstead of concentrating solely оп prodL1ction, the company

LESSON 13

must consider the des1res of the consumer. and this is much more difficult since it involves human behavior. Production, on the other hand, is mostly

Marketing

an engineering ргоЫеm. Thus. demand and market forces аге still an 1mportant aspect of modern marketing, but they аге considered prior to

The Changing Concept of Marketing

the production process. Because products аге often marketed internationally, distribution has

The terms market and marketing сап have several meanings depending upon how they аге used. The term stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporations as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. The important world stock markets

1ncreased in importance. Goods must Ье at the place where the customer needs them ог brought there. This is known as place utility: it adds value to а product However. many markets аге separated from the place of

аге in London, Geneva, New York, Tokyo, and Singapore. Another type of market is а grocery market, which is а place where people purchase food.

When economists use the word market they mean а set of forces and conditions that determine the price of а product, such as the supply availaЫe for sale and the demand for it Ьу consumers. The term marketing in business includes all of these meanings. and more. ln the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer ог manufacturer made а product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically. selling the product would Ье accomplished Ьу sales promotion, which included advertis1ng and personal selling. ln addition to sales promotion. marketing also

involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation. storage, and related services such as financing, standardization and grading, and the related

risks.

The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on а different set of principles. lt subscribes to the notion that production сап Ье economically justified only Ьу consumption. ln other words, goods should Ье produced only if they сап Ье sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the

production. which means that often both raw materials and finished products must Ье transported to the points where they are needed. Raw materials requiring little ог по special treatment сап Ье transported Ьу rail, ship, ог barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulky freight, but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration ог careful handling, аге usually transported Ьу truck. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Merchandise freight 1s а term for the .

transportation of manufactured goods. Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage аге required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Modern marketing is therefore а coordinated system of many business activities, but basically it involves four things: ( 1) selling the correct product at the proper place, (2) selling it at а price determined Ьу demand, (3) satisfying а customer's need and wants, (4) producing а profit for the company.

Vocabulary notes Several meanings - uti Qш\.ф tiuwULл, несколько значений Stock trading - wrictЬ-rartraЬ-riti w11u.LЛПL[1, торговля ценными бумагами

product ог what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making а product and then thinking about how to sell it.

То purchase food - ql.JЬ-L ul.Jl.JГ)WU[aЬ-[lQ, покупать пищу То make а product - ЩWLЛ[lWULЛЬ-L wщriwl.JQ, изготавливать товар

Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants. and designing and producing а product that satisfies these wants at а profit to

То figure out - щшLЛцЬ-r�Ь-L, hwuцwl.Jw[, изображать, понимать, Sales promotion - 4w6w1112ti turawunLtl, стимулирование сб..,1та

----- -

------ -------··-�--------------

ln addition to -

Section 1 / Lesson 13

lflПtuli. pwgt, ШJ11, в добавление; к тому же: сверх;

manufactured goods: all po1nts of the d1stributюn channel. customer's needs and wants; а price determined Ьу demand а system of many business activities.

кроме того Storage and designing - щwhbuLЛw4nflnLtJ l.J. Щ[w\Jw4nrinLtJ, хранение и планирование То determine а price - uwhtJш\Jb[, nrin2bL qt,\J, устанавливать цену

з.

А set of principles - uцqpnL\JQ\Jbrit, tJt, wtJpn112 2WflQ, ряд принципов lnstead of - t.t,ntuwflb\J, вместо Market forces - 2ПLЧWJwцw\J nLdbfl, рыночные силы То consider the desires - hш2чr w11\Jb[ gw\JцnL[3JПLUUbflQ, учитывать желания То transport products - t.t,ntuw11ribL wщriw\JQ\Jbfl. перевозить товары At low cost - gwbfl Wfldb12n4(q\Jn4), по низкой стоимосте (цене) Merchandise freight - WЩflWUQWJt,\J рЬ11, товарный груз Personal selling - w\JhwLЛwцw\J 4ш6ш1112. персональная продажа Small in volume - bw4w[n4 Ч,ПQfl, маленький по объему Quick/fast/ delivery - wriwq w11w12nLtJ, быстрая доставка Transportation of manufactured goods - Wfll)JПL\Jwpbflwчw\J wщriwue \Jbfltl t.t,ntuwriflnLtJ, перевозка промышленных товаров Proper place - hwritJwri (6t,2LЛ) ЧWJfl, удобное {правильное) место Distribution channel - pw2tutJw\J nщt,, канал распределения Stored merchandise - щwhbuLЛw4nri4wb wщriw\JQ, товары на складе, 4.

Related services - чшщ4шЬ CW11WJПL[3JПLUUbfl, связанные услуги Production process - WflLЛWl)flWЧWU щringbu, qnribo\Jrawg, производ ственный процесс Human behavior - UWfll1ЧWJtl\J 4wri12wqt,b, человеческое поведение

- ------ --�------J--

Find lnternational words in the text.

Give Armenian equivalents for: а set of forces and conditions; in addition to; sales promotion; distribution consisted of; desires of the consumer; as bulk freight;

Study the derivatives and translate them into Armenian: market - marketer - marketing to advertise - advertisemen - advertising - advertiser to store - storage - stored grade - grading - grader to add - addition - additional

Prior to - tJt,\Jt, \Jwtuew\J, до

Exercises

Find English equivalents for the following in the text pw2tunLUQ рш11чшgшЬ t:. dwtJw\Jwчwчt,g UWflQbrat,\Jq hwuцwgnL [3JПLUQ \JbflWl1ПLU t: рП[Пfl \J24wb qПflCПf1ПL[3JПL\J\JbflQ WJL ЦGflЩ W UWC. ьrаь 11riwu12 чwrin11 b\J 4ш6ш11чьL \Jwtuew\J wflLЛW11flПL[3Jw\J UЦUblQ WfllЛWl)flПf1Q ЩЬLЛQ t: UЦWLЛt, ПL\Jb\Jw. [3Ь ПЧ t: ЩWLЛ flWULЛЧПLU q\JbL wщriw\JQQ. t,\Jt t: uщw11n110 gw\Jцw\JnLtJ tlt,W]\J W[1LЛWl)flПL[3JW\J чriw цb\JLЛflП\Jw\Jw[nL t.t,ntuwrib\J Q\JцbflПL[3JПLUQ ЩЬLЛQ t: UЦWLЛt, ПL\Jb\Jw UЩWl1Пf1t, QWUЦПL[3JПL\J\JbflQ. QW\Jt, Пfl wJ\J \Jbriw11nLtJ t: tJwri11nL 4wri12wqt,bQ tJt,\Jtl.J. WflLЛWl)flПL[3JW\J qnri bQ\JrawgQ. hПLUQQ l.J. ЩWLЛflWULЛt, WfllЛWl)flWUQQ щЬLЛQ t: LЛbf1W t.t,ntu4b\J ЧWJflbfl 11riwu12 чwrin11 b\J nL\Jb\JwL tJt, ew\Jt, t,tJwuLЛ\Jbfl ЧWJfl, ПflLЛbf"l t1wri11rч tJrabflQ b\J q\JnLtJ. UflWUQ UЦWLЛt, ПL\Jb\J. ЩWJ tJw\J\Jbfl, ПflПUQ ПflП2ПLU b\J WЩflWUQt, qt,\JQ, "LJwriebrat,\JqQ pt,q\Jb UПLU" LЛbfltlt,\JQ \JbflWl1ПLU t: WJU РП[Пfl t,tJwuLЛ\JbflQ WfllЛWl)flПГlQ ЩWLЛflWULЛПLU Cfl WЩflWUQ t,\Jtщbu 4w6wr1b[ WЩflWUQQ. ПflQ \Jb flWl1ПLU [fl qn4шц11ьш r, LflПLUU Wl1ULЛflti turaw\JtJw\JQ. ПflLЛbf"l WJU tlflWЦWUПLU 4w6w114nLtJ t:. ПflLЛbf1 l)flWUQ w\Jhflwdb2LЛ b\J dwtJw UWЦWЦt,g UWflQb[3t,\JqQ. hbLЛl.J.WpWfl. pwqtJwrat,4 Wl1ULЛflWЦWU qПflCПLUbПL[3JПL\J\Jbflt, ЦППfll)t,\Jwg4wb hWUWЦWflq t:. 6t,2LЛ Wfl LЛWl)flWUQt, 4ш6ш1112 hwtJwщwLЛwutuw\J ЧWJflПLtJ

Distribution of the product - wщriw\Jet, pw2tunLtJ, распределение товара

(товары, находящиеся на хранении в складском помещении)

-· -----------

to determine - determination - determinant 5.

Match the words and arrange them in pairs 1. 2.

since prior

to involve in great volumes

3. 4.

bulk comprise

3. 4.

as before

5. 6. 7. 8. 1 О. 12. 6.

notion quick merchandise to emphasize to deliver to consider modern solely

to take into account attach impor1ance carrying goods 8. concept 9 goods 10. fast 11. only, entirely 12. of present times 5. 7.

LESSON 14

Finance Textl Career in Finance

Paraphrase the following sentences

А grocery market is а place where people purchase food. ln the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. Marketing was the task of figurir\g out how to sell the product. The modern marketing concept comprises all of the activities

mentioned above.

lnstead

concentrating solely оп production, the company must cons1der the desires of the consumer. Demand and supply аге considered prior to the process. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulk freight. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Because products аге often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance Merchandize fre1ght is а term for the transpor1ation of goods 7.

Section 1 / Lesson 13

Answer the questions

What аге the types of markets, what аге they ?

What is said about the term marketiпg ?

What аге the two aspects of marketing, what аге they ?

What аге three aspects of distribution ?

Give three examples of related services ?

How does modern marketing differ from the past ideas and practices of marketing?

What does modern marketing involve ?

We have all handled money, with varying success. for most of our lives. But financial specialists аге ''artists" at managing money and getting the most for their investment dollars. They concern themselves with interest rates, inflation, stock prices. credit risks, real estate prices, and much, much more. Career opportunities in finance аге varied and offer exciting challenges. Financial institutions employ thousands of people at every level. These institutions may Ье commercial banks, savings and loans associations, ог other organizations such as finance companies ог credit unions. They provide а wide range of services: lending money, keeping savings, providing checking accounts, managing trust funds, adv1sing individuals and companies оп investments and business affairs. and so оп. lnvestment banks. stock brokerage firms, and even insurance companies, also considered financial institutions. primarily provide such services as helping one firm buy another, brokering stocks and bonds, and providing financial advice. Today's world of finance knows few boundaries. Government deregulation has reduced many restrictions so that banks, insurance companies, savings and loans, and brokerage houses cross over into опе another's territoпes. People interested in а сагеег in finance now have а wide choice. Oppor1unities iп financial institutions and businesses аге promising and include а number of alternatives.

Text2 What is Finance? Finance is the study of money within the firm. lt is also the fuпctional агеа with responsibility for managing corporate funds То functюn. the f1rm must have adequate funds, and the finance departmeпt manages these funds Ьу developing and monitoring the firm's finaпcial plan.

Section 1 / Lesson 14 This plan should include balancing the monthly 1nflows and outflows

of funds. determining liquid investments for excess funds. finding efficient outside sources for funds. and properly monitoring and controlling the process_ Firms need cash to fund the cost of daily operatюns. to handle the cost of the firm's credit service. to handle the cost of the firm's inventory. to purchase major assets. to service the firm's dеЫ. and to рау dividends. Financial management is important to this process because the financial manager not only determ1nes the future uses of funds but also identifies the most efficient sources of these funds. The financial manager makes it possiЫe for the firm to function uninterrupted and efficieп tly. The firm has several sources of funds. The most obvious is the revenue generated from daily operations. When additional cash is needed. the firm should use short - term sources for short - term needs and long term sources for long - term needs. The financial manager is responsiЫe for maintain1ng the ргорег flow of funds. То accomplish this, he ог she must manage uses of funds, help find sources of funds, find appropriate investments for excess cash, and manage the company's working capital and capital budgeting processes. The financial manager must also develop appropriate financial control.

Vocabulary Notes World of finance - '{)t,\Jw\Ju\Jt:.r,ti w2ruwr,h, финансовый мир Stock price=share price - pwd\Jt:.uinuuti цnL[lU, курс акций. биржевой курс То concern oneself - ht:.uiwQ[lQflЧGL, qpwriчt:.L интересоваться, заниматься Credit risk - 4wr,цwJti\J 11t,uц. кредитный риск Real estate price - w\J2wfld QПLJQ, недвижимость Financial institutions - '{)t,\Jw\Juwцw\J цw11nчgut:.r,. hwuuiwU1ПLfcJПLU· \Jt:.r,, финансовые институты, учереждения Thousands of people - hwqwr,w4n[l UWfll1tiч. тысячи людей Commercial bank - w11lluir,wJti\J pw\Jц, коммерческий банк

Section 1 / Lesson 14

� - ------� ---- ---· ------ ---------

Savings and loans associations - ruuwJnгtnLraJnL\J\Jt:.r,ti ll Ljlnruw11nL raJnL\J\Jt:.r,t, ut,nLfcJПL\J\Jt;r, (wungt,wgt,w\Jt:.r,), ссуда - сберегательная ас социации Finance company - '{)t,\Jw\Juwцwu Q\Jцt:.r,nLraJnL\J. финансовая компания

То lend money - QПLUW[l uir,wuwl)[lGL, ЩW[lU1Qn4 Ц,nri UlWL. ссужать деньги То keep savings - ru\J wJПflПLfcJПL\J\Jt;r, щwht:.L. хранить сбережения

Checking account - Q\Jrawgt,ц hw2tiч. текущий счет Wide range of services - 6Wl1WJПLtaJnL\J\Jt:.r,ti LWJ\J 2r,pw\Jwц, широкий спектр услуг Credit union - чwriцwJt,\J ut,nLraJnL\J, кредитный союз

Trust fund - h wчwunw[lUWQ[lWJti\J ht,UUWl)[lWU. доверительная соб ственность; имущество. вверенное попечителю lnvestment bank - \Jt:.ri11r,nLuw1tiu (ti\J4t:.uuit,gt,n\J) pw\Jц. инвестицион ный банк

Brokerage firm - wridt:.rarirat:.riti pr,nцt:.r,wJti\J '{)t,r,uw, брокерская (мак лерская) фирма lnsurance company - wщwhn4wqr,wцw\J QUЧGflПLfcJПL\J. страховая ком пания So оп - ll WJLU, и так далее Stocks and bonds - wridt:.rarirat:.r, ll щwr,uiwu,nuut:.r,. акции и облигации Financial advice - '{)t,uw\Juwцw\J runr,hnL[ll), финансовый совет

Government deregulation - щt;u,wцw\J wщwцwr,qw4nr,nLu, государ ственное дерегулирование Promising opportunities - гunuuinLUUWLt19 h\Jwr,w4nr,nLfcJПL\J\Jt:.r,, мно гообещающие возможности So that - WJ\Jщt:;u Пfl. так чтобы Savings and loans - tu\JwJПflПL[cJПLUUG[l U Ljlnruw11nL[3JПLUUG[l, ссуды И сб ережения Corporate funds - чnriщnr,wuitiч '{)ПUl)Gfl, ut,png\Jt:.r,, фонды, средства корпорации Adequate funds hwuwщwu,wuruw\J '{)ПUl)G[l (ut,png\Jt:.r,), соответствующие фонды (средства) Finance department - ч:,t,\Jw\Juwцw\J pwdt,\J, финансовый отдел Outside sources - w fl unw2tiu Wf1P-JПLfllJ bfl, внешние источники

Section 1-------/ Lesson·--· ---- -- - ------ ------------

l ликвидные инвестиции Liquid investment - r11wgl[Ь-Lr UG[lf1[lПLu.JЬ-[l. Excess funds - wL[Ь-LgПLЦWJt,l.J �nu11Ь-11. избыточные фонды Excess cash - wL(Ь-L9ПLЦWJt,l.J цwЩut,ц f1[1WU То monitor the process - huцЬ-L qn[lOQUfaW9Q, наблюдать за процессом

operations: the firm's 1nventory. determ1ning liqшd 1nvestments: savings and loans. 2.

to handle money: for most of оuг lives: 1nterest rate. much тоге:

Monthly inflow of funds - t1t,2nguЬ-11r wtluwцwu UG[lhПUJ2Q. ежемесяч ный поток денег

exciting challenges: at еvегу level: savings and loans associations such as; to lend money: to keep savings: so оп: few bouпdaries:

Outflow of funds - t1r2nguЬ-11r W[lLПWhПUEQ, отток средств

world of finance: to reduce restrictions: brokerage houses: promising

Daily operations - wtJЬ-l.Jo[lJW qn[lbwnl.JnLfaJПLlll.JЬ-[l. ежедневные операции То need cash - чwl.Jt'urч f1[1Wtlt, чw11re ПLUGUWL, нуждаться в налич

opportunities: to include: within the firm. adeqLJate fund1ng. the monitor plan: monthly inflow and outflow: to need cash: to handle the

ных деньгах

cost of firm's: credit service: maJor assets: to determine: efficient

Financial management - �ruwuuwцwu qn[lO ПLUG ПL[aJWU ЦWГ!WL(W[lПLU,

sources; to make it possiЫe: additional cash: short-term needs: to

управление финансовой деятельностью

maintain; excess cash.

То fund the costs - �t,uwuuwL(n[lЬ-L bwt,JubflQ, финансировать расходы Credit service - L[w[lЦWJt,l.J OWГ!WJПLfaJПLU. кредитная услуга То handle the cost - цwnwL[w[lЬ-L bwt,JuЬ-[lQ. управлять расходами

З.

qПLJJ2ПL(, LППЦПUWf1[lПLJJ2ПL( U. W[ldG[afl[aG[lt, ql.Jb[lПL( hwqw[lWL(П[l UWfl'1t"iЧ- WJU hwULПWLППL[aJПLUQ ЦW[lПfl t Lrl.JЬ-L wщwhnl[Ь-L OWГ!W

t1r2ngl.JЬ-[l. WЦLПt,L[l.JЬ-[l, основные средства, Major assets - ht,tuwцwu l активы То make it possiЫe - huw11wl(n[l f1Wfl6UЬ-L, делать возможным

JПL[aJПLUUG[lt, LWJU 2112wuwц qnL[wq11wJt,l.J Ql.JцЬ-[lПLfaJПLl.Jl.JЬ-[l w щwhnl[Ь-L �t,UWUUWЦWU r,JП[lh[lf1ПL(. �t,UWUUWЦWU hWULПWLППL

То function uninterrupted and efficiently - qn[lbЬ-L wuo_u11t1Ь-2 u. W[lf1JПL

[aJПLUUG[lt, hUW[lWL(П[lПLfajПLUUG[lQ r,JПULППLt11.JWLt"19 t;u UWfl'1t"iЧ, n

uwl[Ь-LП, работать непрерывно и эффективно

[lПUE hЬ-LПWEflE[lL(ПLU t;u �ruwuul.JЬ-[lt, ЦW[lt,Ь-[lt,WJПL(. ПLUGUWL

Additional cash - L[lWgnLgt,t цwur;rч f1[1WU. дополнительные налич

LWJU QULП[lПL[aJПLU UG[lWГ!GL tlt, 2WflE WJLQULП[lWUJ2UG[l. �t,uwuu l.JЬ-[lt, pwdt,l.JQ rtЬ-цwL[w[lПLU t WJU �ПUf1G[lQ WJU O[lwqt,[lQ щЬ-LПЕ t UG[lWГlt, ut,2ngl.Jt;[lt, WUUWЦWU UG[lhПUJ2Q U. W[lLПWhПUJ2Q. W[lf1JПL

ные деньги Short - term sources - цw116wdwtlцЬ-LП WflPJПL[lUЬ-[l, краткосрочные ис точники

l.Jwl(Ь-LП W[lLПWJ2t"1U WflPJПL[lUG[l. ЩWLП2W6 ЦG[lЩПL( L(Ь-[lwhuцЬ-L u. гtЬ-чwL[w[lЬ-L qn[lOQUf3W9Q цwnwL[w[lЬ-L �t,[lUWJt, L(W[lЦWJt,U bw

Long - term sources - Ь-11цw11wdwtlцЬ-LП WflPJПL[lUЬ-[l. долгосрочные ис точники

Exercises -- - -

Г!WJПL[aJПLUUG[lt, bwr;uЬ-[lQ. �t,[lUWJt, ЩW[lLПEQ L(6w[lЬ-L 2whwpw dt,ul.JЬ-[l. �t,uwuuwцwu цwnwL[w[lnLtlQ цw11u.n11 t uwhtlwl.JЬ-L �nu-

_ _____ _ _]

11t-11r wщwqw oqLПwqn[lOПLUQ 6wuщЬ-L WJ U �ПUf1G[lt, wtJЬ-uww[l

'1JПLUWL(Ь-LП WгtPJПL[lUG[lQ qn[lOGL WUQUf1UG2 U. W[lf1JПLUWL(Ь-LП

�t,[lUWU ПLUt, �nu11Ь-11r tlt, ewut, WгtPJПL[lUG[l

Read and translate the following international words: financial specialist: inflation: credit risk; financial institutions; com mercial banks; association: finance company; territory; alternatives; functional; finance department; finance manager: liquid investment; credit service: capital budgeting process: to fund the cost of daily

Find English equivalents for the following in the text: Lj1nljlnt,JL[n11 hw2nrtnLt3Jwtlp u11wue hЬ-LПWEflE11ЧПLt1 t;u wu 2w11d

Firm's inventory - �t,[ltlwJr qПLJEQ, имущество фирмы

L-----

Give Armenian equivalents for:

Find from the text: а)

adjectives derived from the following nouns: commerce; finance: function; responsibility: addition; day.

Ь) 5.

nouns derived from the following verbs:

8. 9. 1О.

appropriate to employ to generate to handle to еnаЫе to utilize short-time adequate restriction to concern oneself with

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 1о.

sufficient. enough to manage thort - run to Ье interested in limitation proper. suitaЫe to engage to give rise to to use to make it possiЫe

Paraphrase the following sentences:

1. We have all handle money. with varying success. 2. Financial spe cialists аге "artists" at managing money. 3. They concern themselves with various financial proЫems. 4. Financial institutions employ thousands of people at every level. 5. They provide а w1de range of services. 6. People interested in а сагеег in finance now have wide choice. 7. The finance department manages this fund. 8. Financial manages determines the future uses of fund. 9. The financial managers make it possiЫe for the firm to function uninterrupted and efficiently. 7.

LESSON 15

to operate: to invest: to develop: to organize: to restrict.

Match the words and arrange them in pairs:

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Section 1�/ --�--Lesson 14

Question for discussion:

1. How is today's world of finance characterized? 2. What financial institutions do you know ? What's their role in people's life? 3. Why аге financial specialists considered to Ье ''artists" at managing money? 4. Define finance and explain its role within the fiгm ? 5. Why do firms need cash? Why is financial management important? 6. Discuss the different sources of funds availaЫe to firm ? 7. ldentify the specific duties of the financial manager ?

Insurance When you purchase insurance, you buy an insurance policy. This is your contract with the insurance company. lt states what losses the insurance company will cover. То get this coverage. you рау the insurance company а fee, called the premium. The major sources of insurance аге puЫic and private sources. The puЫic sources include federal and state agencies that, through employer provide coverage for retirement. disability and unemployment compen sation, and some health insurance. Private sources сап Ье either stock companies (profit - making) ог mutual companies (nonprofit cooperatives). The role of insurance for business is significant. А business сап purchase many types of insurance to protect itself against losses. lnsurance сап Ье purchased to cover losses that arise from damage to property. injury to an individual, ог damage to another's property. lnsurance сап also Ье purchased to protect а company from loss of income. Finally, most companies purchase the insurance for their employees. They do this partly to Ье good employers and provide benefits and partly to Ье competitive with other employers in securing the best personnel to fill positions in the company. L Employers рау for some forms of insurance coverage because the law requires it. ln accordance with law insurance works on the basis that risk сап Ье predicted Ьу actuaries who use past data to predict future likelihoods._тhe law of large numbers is used to calculate the necessary premiums] With knowledge of the probaЬility of loss, the likely cost of each loss, and the number of individuals covered, an insurance company сап calculate its premiums. \,Most companies provide two types of insurance for employees: health and life. Health insuraпce provides coverage for losses due to sickпess ог accidents. ln addition to health insurance coverage, тапу firms also provide their employees with life insuraпce. Uпlike other forms of insurance, life iпsurance deals with а risk that is certaiп: the likelihood of dying is 100 percent. The uncertainty is when. Life insurance provides

11 О

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Section Lesson 15 - ------ 1 / --

financial protection to the family of the policyholder ln the event of the policyholder's death. the family receives а benefit equal to the value of the policy. The individual or 1ndividuals designated to receive the benefits of а life insurance policy are referred to as thE- beneficiaries. When choosing the type and amount of ,nsurance to buy. people must consider their age, health. family size, children's anPs savings or investment plans already in place. the income your fam! 1 need i n the event of your death. and the cost of insurance. А qualified insurance ageпt сап help answer many of these questions. But since agents are pa id on commission. coпsumers should have some knowledge of the types of policies and options availaЫe.

Vocabulary notes То purchase insurance - wщwhn4wqr1L!t;L· застраховаться То рау а fee - 46wflGL Ч.Wfl6W46wfl цwu ц6wfl. платить взнос lnsurance policy - wщwhnч.wqt,[l. wщwhnч.wq[lwцw\J ч.цwJwцш\J, щn Ltiu, страховой полис, договор страхования То cover losses - ц,ntuhwLЛПLQGL цnflПLULЛUCflQ, покрывать потери lnsurance company - wщwhn4wq[1WЦW\J Q\JЦGflПL[i}JПL\J. страховая компания Major sources - qLtuWЧ.Пfl wf1pJПLflUGfl. основные источники Disabllity compensation - w\Jw2tuwLЛПLUWЦ ПLfcJW\J \JщwuLЛ, пособие по нетрудоспособност и Unemployment compensation - qn[lOWq[lЦПLfcJW\J \JщwuLП. пособие по безработице Life insurance - ЦJWUQГ) wщwhn4wq[lПLfcJПL\J, страхование жизни Health insurance - wr1n112nLГ3JW\J wщwhnч_wq[lПLfcJПL\J, страхование на случай болезни Private insurance - ш\JhwLПwцw\J wщwhn4wqf1ПLГ3JПL\J, индивидуальное страхование; личное страхование

PuЫic insurance - щb LЛwцw\J wщwhn4wq[lПLГ3JПL\J. государственное страхование Stock company - pwd\JbLПt,[lwцw\J Q\JЧGflПL[i}JПL\J, акционерное общество То Ье significant - t:wцw\J. \J2w\JwцWlrQ. ЦWflUПfl Ltil.Jt;L, иметь сущест венное, важное значе �ие Mutual company - QLЦ GflПL[i}JПL\J QUГ)hw\JnLfl ht,unL\JQ\JGflПЧ., ц,ntuw f1Wfl6 oq\JnL[i}JW\J Q\JЦbflПL[i}JПL\J. компания на взаимных началах

secti� 1 / Lesson 15 --------------·· ___________

oamage to property - 41.Jwu ut;ц,wцw\JnLJaJW\JQ. ущерб собственности то protect а company from loss - QU ЧGflПL[i}JWUQ щw2LПщw\Jl::;,t 41.Jwu1.J t;[l ц fl G[ПLQ. предотвратить потери компании то provide benefit - \JщwuLП LПWL. дать пособие То Ье competitive - Lti\Jt;L UflQПL\Jwц, быть конкурентоспособным lnsurance coverage - wщwhn4wq[lwцw\J ЩWJUW\JWqflGГф Q\Jf1hW\JnLfl qnLUWfl. общая сумма договоров оп страхованию ln addition - t, LflПLu\J. pwgt, ШJГ1, в дополнение: кроме того Due to sickness (accident) - ht,4w\Jf1ПL[i}JW\J (Г1dpwtuLП щwLПwhwflti) hGLП L!.w\J12nч.. вследствие болезни (несчастного случая) Financial protection - .:j)t,\Jw\Juwчw\J hn4w\JwL1nfliПLГ3JnL\J. финансовая протекиция Equal to the value - WfldGQt,\J hwч.wuwfl, равный стоимости То refer to - Ч.Gflwpt;flt;l, относиться, As beneficiary - ПflЩGU 2whWГ1ПL (wщwhn4wq[lwцw\J UЩWULП ULПWQПf"l UWflf1). как бенефициарий (лицо. получающее страховое пособие) Family size - Q\JLПw\Jt,12t, w\Jt1wu\Jt;fl ti rat,L\Q. число членов семьи lnvestment plan - \JGflf1flПLUWJt,\J O[lwqt,[l, инвестиционный план ln the event of - f1GЩQnLt1, в случае lnsurance agent - wщwhn4wq[lwцw\J qn[lOWЧWL, страховой агент То рау оп commission - L\6WflGL цnut,ut,n\J ht,liQGflПЧ., платить на ко миссионной основе Probabllity of loss - цn[luunt, hw4w\Jwцw\JnLГ3JПL\JQ. вероятность потери То calculate premium - hw2L!t;L wщwhn4wq[lw46w[1\JbflQ, подсчиты вать страховую премию (страховой взнос) Past data - \Jwtuцt,\J (w\Jg JWL) LПL(JW[UGflQ, минувшие. (истекшие) данные, Underwrite - Gflw2tuwч.nflGL Wfl<JG[i}f1[3Gflti wщwhn4wq[lnLГ3JПLUQ. гаран тировать страхование ценных бумаг

Exercises

Find international words in the text.

Give Armenian equivalents for:

health and life insurance; to get this coverage; to рау а fee: puЫic and private sources: federal and state agencies: provide coverage for

retirement: mutual companies. to protect itself against losses: to

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

cover \osses: damage to property: \oss of income: to Ье good employers: to ье competitive: securing the best personnel: to provide ьenefits: necessary premiums: probability of loss: it states. in the event of the policyholder's death.

з.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text:

qlJt.L wщwhПl.[wqr,wчwu L[ЧWJWЧWU uw 6G[l ЩWJuwuwqt,r,u t W щwhnL[wqr,wчwu QUЧGflПL[dJWU ht.LЛ wщwhnL[wq[lПL[dJWU qL[UW L[n[l Wf"lPJПLflut.r,u t.u. щt.LЛwчwu Wf"lPJПLflut.r,o_ ut.r,w11nLu t.u w uw2ruwLЛnLuwчnLfdJWu LL qnr,bwq[lЧПL[dJWU ц,n[UhWLЛПLQПLU W· щwhnL[wqr,nLfdJWU f1GflQ ptщut.unLu wщwhnL[wqr,nLfdJПLUQ ЧWflПГl

uo_. ht,L[wu[1ПL[dJWU чwu г.dpW[ULЛ ЩWLЛWhW[lt, ht.LЛLLWUQПL[. w щwhnL[t.L �t,uwuuwчwu hnL[wuwL[nr,nLfdJПLu wщwhnL[wqr,t, o_u LЛwut,Qt,u uщwuLЛw11nф o_uLЛwut,120. uLЛwunLu t uщwuLЛ uwriritiч щt.LЛQ t uчwLЛt, nLut.uwu t,r,t.ug ruuwJПf"lПLfdJПLuut.r,Q чwrinf"l t oq ut.L ЩWLЛWU[\JWUGLПL WJU hwr,gt.r,t,g 2WLЛG[lt,U QWUt, П[l qnr,bw ЧWLUG[lQ L[6w[ll[ПLU t;u чnut,ut,nu ht,unLUQUG[lПL[

significant ertain to protect

2. 3.

harm ог damage resulting from losing to fill а poisition to take into account

probaЬility

5. 6. 7.

loss in the event of

to buy to reply

to consider

to answer

7. 8.

9. since 1О. position 11. to purchase

definite as post to defend, to keep from harm

9. 1О. important, essential 11. in case of

12. 13. 15.

to forecast to oЬtain choice, preference sort

16. likelhood

Paraphrase the following sentences paying meanings of the underlined words

attention

to the

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words 1. Due attention should Ье paid to the study of foreign languages. 2. lnsurance provides coverage for losses due 1Q sickness ог accidents. 3. lt states the major sources of insurance. 4. The United States of America consists of §.1 states. 5. AII the реасеаЫе states struggle for

Match the words and definitions. Arrange them in pairs: 2. 3.

to get to predict type option to hold а post

1. lt states what losses the insurance company will cover. 2. The major sources of insurance аге puЫic and private sources. 3. The role of insurance for business is significant. 4. А business сап purchase many � of insurance to protect itself against losses. 5. Actuaries use past data to predict future likelihood. 6. The jQQ description is usually followed Ьу the title of the position the company wants to fill. 7. When choosing the type and amount of insurance people must consider several factors. 8. But since agents аге paid оп commission, consumers should have necessary information of the types of policies and options availaЫe.

t ц,nruhwLЛПLQGL L[uwuut.r,Q. ЩW2LЛЩWUGL QUЧGflПL[dJWUQ t.чwuLЛt, ЧП[lULЛt,g. LtiUt.L LWЧ W2�WLЛПГl LWЧ wbluwчwqunL[ wщwhnL[t.LQ w2tuwLЛwLЛt.f"lnL[ hwuщrit.L o_uчt.r,nLfdJПLUQ or,t.u12ut.r,t,u hwuw6wJu oqLЛwqnr,bt.L uwruчt,u LЛL[JWLUG[lQ ЧWU[\JWqПL2WЧGLПL W щwqwu ut.b [dL[t.r,t, or,t.uQ hw2L[t.L wuhr,wdt.2LЛ щwr,qlLWLЛflПL

Section 1 / Lesson 15

the maintenance of реасе. 6. Almost all the states try to develop foreign trade relations. 7. The boy's state was becoming better after the operation. 8. The solution to that ргоЫеm was very important. 9. lt's supply and demand that determines prices of the commodity. 1 О. lt was gold that began to assume the function of а universal equivalent. 7.

Questions for discussion 1.

What is insurance? What's premium?

Speak about two major sources of insurance?

What's the role of insurance for business? Why do businesses need insurance?

Section 1 / Lesson 15

4. What's the role of insurance in people's life ? 5. What in�;urance is provided through puЫic sources ? How are the employers t1ed in this responsibility? 6. What two types of 1nsurance do most compan1es provide? Characterize each of them 7. What's the basis of insurance activity? What 1s it used to calculate the necessary premiums?

LESSON 16

Securities Millions of people and businesses invest in stocks and bonds every day. Nightly newscasts and daily newspapers routinely report the day's stock trading and averages. The nation regularly follows the stock market as а sign of the country's economic health. The securities industry involves the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, or shares in mutual funds for investors. Careers in the industry generally fa\l into four basic functional areas: sales, trading, underwriting, and research. The employment market for the industry tends to fluctuate with the economy. ln the mid 1980s, demand was high, but а number of brokerage houses have merged or closed since then, leading to а reduced number of job opportunities. Securities salesworkers act as agents for investors wanting to buy or sell securities. They must Ье registered as representatives of а brokerage firm and must pass а general security examination with the Securities and Exchange Commission. They may also Ье called stockbrokers, account executives, or registered representatives. Securities salespeople perform various services for clients, including providing advice оп securities, supplying the latest stock and bond price quotations, and furnishing information оп the financial positions of corporations. They may specialize in а particular type of security, such as stocks, government bonds, stock options, commodity futures, and so оп. Newcomers participate in а training program, usually for about six months. After meeting the licensing registration requirements, beginners start Ьу building up а clientele from personal and telephone contacts. They start Ьу handling the accounts of individual investors and may advance to handling the large accounts of large institutional investors. During the trading period, newcomers receive salaries. Once tr1ey complete training, earnings, consist solely of commissions оп the sale of securities. These commissions сап Ье substantial. EarninCJS are limited only Ьу the number and size of accounts served.

Section 1 / Lesson 16

Opportunities exist to advance into management and to supervise the work of other salespeople. However, many people prefer to remain in sales because of the high earnings potential. Traders do not deal with 1nvestors. They spend the1r time on the exchange trading floor actually filling the orders to buy and sell securities. Traders also specialize Ьу the type of security, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities. The work is extremely high paced and requires the aЬility to make quick decisions. lnvestment bankers handle the financing of the sale of а corporation's securities to the pLJЬlic Essentially the investment banking firm underwrites the sale Ьу purchasing the securities of the corporation and then selling them to the puЫic on the market. With Ьillions of dollars at stake, this is considered one of the riskiest. most challenging areas of finance. Competition is extremely fierce for employment, and oppor tunities аге limited to the very top М. В. А. graduates.

Section 1 / Lesson 16

Licensing registration requirements - Ltigb\JqtiWJti qr,w\JgL.fw\J щwhwu2\Jbr,. условия регистрации лицензии Personal contact - w\Jo\Jwчw\J 2Lf1ПLL.f. личные связи. знакомства То handle accounts - hw2t,L[\Jbfl L[wrbL, вести счета lnstitutional investor - t,\JuLПt,LПnLgt,n\JwL \JbflГ\flПГl, институциональный инвестор То advance into management - w11w2 Q\Jrэw\Jwl чwnwl[wr,L.fw\J p\Jw qwL[wnnLL.f, продвигаться вперед в области управления Day's average - W[ldbrэгtrэЬ-rti OflWЧWU uti2ti\J ЧПLflU, средний дневной курс ценных бумаг individual investor - w\JhwLП \JbflГ\flПf1. индивидуальный инвестор Exchange trading floor - -+>ПUГ\WJti\J PПflUWJti Wl1ULП[lWJti\J hwr,rэwч торговый зал фондовой биржи То fill the order - LflWg\JbL щwLПL[br,, заполнить заказ

Vocabulary Notes Salesworkers = salespeople - L[w6w11n11\Jbfl. L[w6w11wчw\J\Jbfl. продавцы to act as agents - qnr,bbL nr,щbu qnr,owчwL\Jbfl, действовать как агенты Brokerage firm - pr,nчbflWJti\J -+>tiruw (Q\JЧbflПL[ЭJПL\J), брокерская

Account executives - hw6wtunrГ\ti hw2t,L[\JbflQ L[wr,nгt qnr,owl[wr,. де лопроизводитель, ведущий счета клиентов ный агент (лицо, принимающее заказы на фондовой бирже) perform services - LfwLПnLgbL ownwJnL[ЭJПL\J\Jbfl, оказывать услуги

облигации То furnish information - LПbгtbчwLПL[nL[ЭJПL\J LПflWUWГ\flGL, предостав

Stock option - wr,dbrэгtrэti oщgt,n\J QULП[lWUQ, фондовый опцион срочные сделки с товарами

Give Armenian equivalents for: workers; account executives; price quotation; par1icular type; such as stocks; commodity futures; to handle the accounts; to advance into management; high earning; corporations securities: underwriting crucial:

Bond price quotations - ЩWflLПWLПnL.fu ti q\Jw\J2nLL.f, котировка (курс)

Commodity futures - wщr,w\J12w1tiu -+>JПLtbflU, товарные фьючерсы,

Read the following international words and use them in the sentences of your own:

to invest in stock; day's averages; to repor1 routinely; securities sales -

Stockbroker - pnr,uwJt,\J pflПQbfl, биржевой маклер, фондовый брокер

лять информацию Financial position - -+>ti\Jw\Juwчw\J Г\tlfl12, финансовое положение

_!:!ercis_e_s__ _

_______________

industry; investor: career; agent: general; commissюn; register: service; financial position: type; program: meeting: clientele: personal: telephone contact: individual: investor; institutional investor; period: potential; risk: analysis to specialize: expert: automoЬile

фирма (общество)

Registered representative - qr,w\Jgl[wo qnr,owчwL, зарегистрирован

11:-

research; in this area: retailing industry: actually; however: prefer: 3.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text: qt,2Ь-rw1ti\J LПL[lGflti hwf1ПflГ\ПLU 11WГ\tiПJПL[ u wL.fb\JO[lJW LflWQ[lG[l. uwhL.fw\JL[wo чwr,qnl[ hwf1ПflГ\GL or,L[w wr,dbГЭгtГЭbflti L[w6w1112Q \Jb[lWl1GL wr,dbrэгtrэЬ-r ti. ЩW[lLПWLППUUGflti чwu pwd\JbLПnL.fubr,ti Wl1QU ПL L[w6w1112Q qnr,bbL nr,щbu UGflГ\flПгt\Jbr,t, qn[lOWЧW[UG[l

Section 1 / Lesson 16

UflWUE ЩGLЛЕ t: q.[lWUQl{GU П[lЩGU pflПEGflWJГ)U '+'Г1flUWJГ1 UG[lЦWJW

type

to finish

gnLQГ)iUG[l urwue чwrnri. t:;l.J чntЧЬ-l l.Jwu. q.nrcwчwrl.JЬ-[l W[l dЬ-rari.raЬ-rri l{W6Wl12Пl{ qpW[ll{П[l l{W6Wl1П[lUG[lQ ЦWLЛW[lПLU t:;l.J

to report

work. Job

10. to participate

1О. to fulfill. to carry out

11 to handle

11 salesmen. salesworkers

12. to consider

12. sort

13. to perform

13. to announce

14. to complete

14. broker

15. newscast

15. nearly

16. to furnish

16. field, sphere

[lWl{П[lПL[aJWU ЩWLЛ6Wl1Пl{. U[lWUE CWГtJUПLU t:;\J Г)[lGUQ dwuwl.Jw

17. about

17. to provi de. to give

ЧQ -+>ПUf1WJГJU pnf1UWJГ1 hwrrawljnLu. wrwq. nrn2nLul.Jbfl чwJwgl.Jt:; lПL hl.JwrwчnrnL[aJПLl.J hbmwqnLЛnL[aJПLUQ u. l{GfllПLCПLfaJПLUQ чwr

18. area

18. news broadcast

LЛW[ll}G[l CWl1WJПL[aJПLUUb[l' hw6WГUПflf1UG[lГ) hWUW[l wщwhnl{Gl ljnnrщnrwgriwJri -+>ril.Jwl.Juwljwl.J f1flПLfaJWU чЬ-rwpbflJWl mЬ-ri.Ь- ЧWLЛl{ПLfaJWllp. uljul.Jwljl.JbflQ uwul.JwljgnLll t:;l.J чЬ-rwщwmrwum uwl.J C[lW q.[lГ)U. [aПLJlLЛl{ПL[aJПLUQ q.[lWUQGlПL ЩWhwl.J2l.Jb[1Q l}Wl{W flWflGlПLQ hbLЛn. l{WflGl wl.JhwLЛ UG[lf1[1П[lUG[lГ) hW2Г)l{UG[lQ. WJU ljn UГ)UГ)ПU l{W[lOWLЛ[lПL[aJПLUUG[lQ ЧWflП[l bl.J lГJUGl t:wljwl.J huljt:;l WJl l{W6Wl1П[lUG[lГ) W2ГtJWLЛWUEUG[lQ. l}W[lO[l l{W[lOWLЛ[lПL[aJWU hl.Jw

u. П[l t: W[ldG[a[l[aG[lQ WЩWhПl{Wq.[lGlГ)U UWU[lWUWUU l{GfllПLCW

Nightly newscasts and daily newspapers routinely report the day's stock trading 2. Security sales workers (men) act as agents for investors 3. Securities salespeople perform various services for clients. 4. They may specialize in а particular type of security. 5. Securities salespeople furnish information on the financial positions of corporations. 6. Newcomers participate in а training program. usually for about 6 months. 7. They start Ьу handling the accounts of individL1al investors 8. Underwriting is considered one of the riskiest. most challenging areas of finance. 9. Many people prefer to remain in sales because of the high earnings potential. 1 О. This work requires the aЬility to make quick decisions.

Study the derivatives and translate them into Armenian: to trade - trader - trading to invest - investor - investment to underwrite - underwriter - underwriting to retail - retailer - retailing to work - worker - working nation - national - nationality to buy - buyer - buying to sell - seller - selling to register - registration - registered to begin - beginning - beginner

Match the words and arrange them in pairs 1.

crucial

employment

р ау

salespeople

to take pate

agent

state

earning

significa.nt, substantial

routinely

to regard

position

to manage

regularly

Paraphrase the following sentences 1.

ljwl.J huLЛПLfaJПLl.Jl.JbflQ чwru.nr t:;l.J hw2nri.nL[aJWl.J hwuшr

Divide the text into logical parts. Find the key sentence in each part containing the main information.

Summarize the text.

Section 1 / Lesson 17

Vocabulary notes

LESSON 17

Accounting Today accounting is the language of business. Accounting plays an increasingly important role in business decisions. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic infor mation. Accounting information interests investors, creditors, managers, unions, and governmental organizations. Current investors use it to review the past performance of the company in which they invested and to determine whether to maintain, increase. or liquidate their investment. Potential investors use it to help them make investment decisions. Creditors use financial information to evaluate credit applicants. Company managers are the largest users of accounting information. They must have reliaЫe information to make decisions about allocating company resources. Accounting information сап Ье used to predict each alternative's consequences. Managers also use this information to compare actual financial results with expectations. Ву reviewing financial data regularly, management сап react swiftly when results dev1ate too much from expectations. Unions review company financial information to help determine wage

То play an important role - ruwriwL L jwriu.nri f"\b[l. играть важную роль Business transaction - un\Junbuwцw\J qnriowri2. деловая (хозяйствен ная) операция То record transactions - qriwr1bL qn[lOW[lQ\Jb[l. регистрировать операции The language of business - qnriowriwrinL[oJW\J [bqnL\J. язык бизнеса Financial information - ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J unbгtbl.JwunL[nLtoJПL\J, финансовая информация То allocate resources - unbriwpw2ruьl r1bunL[1u\Jb[1Q. распределять ре сурсы То evaluate the results - q\Jwhwunb[ W[lГ\JПL\JQ\Jb[lQ. оценивать резуль таты Financial records - ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J qriwr1nLLfi.Jb[1. финансовые записи Accounting information - hw2L[wщwhwljw\J unbгtbl.JwunL[nL[oJПLU. бух галтерская информация То review financial data - L[briw\JwJbL ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J unL[JW[\Jb[lQ, пере смотреть финансовые данные Actual financial results - Ljlwuunwgt, ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J W[lГ\JПLUQ\Jbri, фак тические финансовые результаты Credit applicant - L[wriljwr1nL, лицо, обращающееся за кредитом Rely оп - L[uunwhb[, hnчu Г\UЬ[, полагаться, рассчитывать

and benefit demands in salary negotiations. Governmental organizations rely on accounting information when estaЫishing а company's tax liability. А primary purpose of accounting is to communicate the results of business transactions. The accounting cycle was developed to accomplish this goal. The steps in the accounting cycle include analyzing, recording, posting and preparing financial statements.

Тах liabllity - hwril.JWJli\J щwriunwL[nrinL[oJПLU, налоговые обязательства

The accountant first analyzes business transactions to determine which should Ье recorded and at what amount. These transactions are then

терская книга

recorded in а journal. А journal is а book or computer file in which business transactions are recorded chronologically. Next these journal entries are posted in the general ledger. Ledger is а book which summarizes all the company's accounts. ln the final step, the accountant prepares financial statement. Financial statement is а document presenting а company's financial position. results of operations, and cash flow during а stated period of time.

Primary purpose - ht,Lfi.Jwljw\J (wr1w2\JwJt,\J) \Jщwunwlj, основная (пер вичная) цель Accounting cycle - hw2L[wщwhwljw\J glil.JL, бухгалтерский цикл То accomplish а goal - hwu\Jb[ \Jщwunwljt,, достичь цели General ledger - QLruwL[nri hw2L[wщwhwljw\J qt,[lQ. главная бухгал Journal entry - qriwr1nLu qriwug wuwunJw\JnLu, запись в регистре Financial statement - ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J hw2L[bunL[nL[oJLn\J, финансовый отчет Financial position - ч,t,\Jw\Juwljw\J L[t,6wlj, финансовое состояние Cash flow - Г\[lWL.fwljw\J hnuQ, денежный поток Stated period of time - hw2L[bunnL dwuw\Jwljw2ri2wu. отчетный период

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Section 1 / Lesson 17 -·---�- -�- ·-----

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Exercises

Find international words in the text

Give Armenian equivalents for: То evaluate credit applicants: financial data: to determine wage: in the final step: а company's financial position: cash flow: stated period of time: potential 111vestors: to play an important role: business decisions: reliaЫe information: to maintain: increase. or liquidate their investment: to review the past performance of the company.

З.

8. 5.

3. 4.

Translate the derivatives of the following words. 1.

То communicate-communication-communicative

Account-accountant-accountancy-accounting

То determine-determination-determined

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1О. 12. 13. 14.

То operate-operatюn-operative-operator То inform-information-informative То invest-investment-investor То describe-descr1ption-descпptive То negotiate-negotiatюn-negot1ator

Match the words with words and expressions. 1. 2.

Find English equivalents for the following in the text =\W2l{WЩWhПL[aJПLUQ phql.Jbuh LbqПLU t: hW2l{WЩWhПЦaJПLUQ w6nri. f1GГ1 t tuWГl.ПLU phql.JbunLLf; hW2l{WЩWhWЦWU LПGГl.GЦWLПL{ПЦaJПLUQ hbLПWQ[lQ[lПLU t UG[lf1[1Пll.Ub[lhU, l{W[lЦWL{П[lПГl.Ub[lhU, LfbuЬ-2Ь-riuЬ-[lhU, ЩGLПWЦWU ljwqL.fwцb[lЩПL[aJПLUUb[lhlJ: hW2l{WЩWhWЦWU LПЬф· ЦWLПL{ПL[aJПLUQ ЧW[lПГl t oqLПwqn[lbl{bl чwutuwqnL2wчЬ-LПL wubu Lfh WJLQULП[lWUQh hbLПUWUQUG[l[l_: hriwчwu -+>hl.Jwuuwчwu W[lf1JПLUQUb· [lQ hwLIЬL.fwLПЬ-L wчuчWLhQl.Jb[lh hЬ-LП: hwuLПwLПbLПЧ QUЧb[lПLfaJWU ЩWLПwutuwuWLПL{ПL[aJПLUQ hWГl.П[lf1Gl LПULПGUWЦWU qn[lOW[lQUb[lh W[lf1JПLUQUG[lQ: hw2чwщwhwцwu 9hЧШ qw[lqwgbL t[l hriwчwuwg

l.JЬ-LПL WJU UЩWLПWЦQ: hWГ1П[lf1GLПL LПULПGUWЦWU LПGГl.GЦWLПL{ПЦaJПLU;

ПLUПLL.fuwuh[lbl QUЦG[lПL[aJWU uwtuцhl.J w2tuwLПWUQQ: ЩWhWЩWUGL w6:LПLOW[lGL U[lWUg UG[lf1[1ПLL.fub[1Q: oql.JЬ-L U[lWUg чwJwgl.JbLПL UG[lf1· [lПLUWJhU П[lП2ПLU; ql.JwhwLПbL l{W[lЦWl1ПфlJ; LWJUП[lGU hW2l{WЩW· hwцwu LПGГl.GЦПL[aJПLU oqLПwqn[lOПГl.Ub[l; U[lWUQ ЩЬLПQ t hnLUWLh LПЬ-ri.Ь-цwLПL{ПL[aJr cU ПLUbuwu: П[1П2ПLU ЧWJWglJЬ-L QUЦG[lПЦaJWU Lfwu uw6JПЩb[lh LПЬ-11wpw2tuuwu ЦW[lUП[lПL[aJWU Lfwuhl.J: hwLIЬLfwLПЬ-L W[ll1h {1.Jb[lЦW) -+>hUWUUWЦWU W[lf1JПLUQUG[l[l_ UЩWUПLL.fub[lh (ШЦUЦW· LheuЬ-rih) hЬ-LП; -Ъhl.Jwuuwцwu wri11JnLlJQuЬ-rih щwripЬ-riwpw[l nLunLLf uwuhrinLraJwLfp: b[lp W[lf1JПLUQUG[l[l_ LWЦlWqwug 2ШLП 2Ь-11чnLLf bu wчuчwLhQl.Jb[lhg: b[lp hwuLПWLПL{ПLLf t Ql.Jцb[lПЧaJWU hwriчwJhu ЩШ[l· LПWL{П[lПL[aJПLUQ; щbLПWЦWU цwqL.fwцb[lЩПL[aJПLUUG[l[l_ l{ULПWhПLU bu

hW2l{WЩWhWЦWU LПGГl.GЦWLПL{ПL[aJWU[l_:

section 1 / Lesson 17 .. --·---- ··- -··· -···--·

to estaЫish to accomplish position cash to determine to record swiftly to rely оп reliaЫe actual primary to communicate statement to present

1. 2. 3.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1О. 12. 13. 14.

to register trustworthy money to fulfil, to carry out state to trust real to set up to decide, to set. to settle rapidly, quickly report to show.to introduce chief, main to give information

Paraphrase the following sentences 1 А primary purpose of accounting is to communicate the results of business transactions 2. lt should Ье determined how to solve this proЫem. 3. This system was developed to accomplish this goal4 Financial statement is а document presenting а company's financial position. 5. Governmental organizations rely оп accounting information when estaЫishing а company's tax liability. 6. ln the final step, the accountants prepare financial statement. 7 These transactions аге then recorded in а journal

Questions for discussion 2. 3. 4.

What is a�counting ? How do manager managers, creditors. and investors use accounting information ? What are the four steps in the accounting cycle ? What functions do journals and the general ledger serve ?

�_ection 2_ / Supplementary reading _ -

Section 2

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Career in Business task. Trying to choose а career сап appear to Ье an overwhelm1ng may The number of career options is staggering. Yet deciding оп а career affect ье the most important decision in your life. Your career choice w1II your who your satisfaction with life. lt will have а significant impact оп much friends аге, how much money you make, where you live, and how leisure time you have. Ьу маnу people simply fall into а career and let things happen sounds that along chance. They may wait for something to соте , interesting and fun. Others may follow the advice of parents, friends y ог teachers. But some people take charge of the1r future and activel work plan for career. The odds of finding satisfying and challenging to аге greatly increased when you commit your time and energy planning for your career instead of leaving things to chance. hout Сагеег planning is an ongoing process, one that occurs throug y actuall and your working life. lt involves knowing what is important to you ing defining your interests and skills. lt involves exploring and collect ting evalua s information about а wide range of opportunities. And it include you options and making informed decisions. Career planning allows control over your working life. lf Before you сап decide оп а career, you need to understand yourse r you to ute and what is important to you. You want а career that will contrib n, personal happiness, not detract from it. То make а sound career decisio t wha and you, excites what you need to appreciate what you аге good at, , ts interes you find rewarding. Gaining an understanding of your values, and skills will help you decide оп а career that is right for you. nt Сагеег exploration involves collecting information about the differe h throug types of work opportunities and career fields. lt means sorting

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alternatives and narrowi ng down the scope to work options that relate to your own interests and aptitudes lt is а process of 1dentification and elimination. The two best sources of information about careers аге puЫications and people. The library, with hundreds of books оп many different career fields, is а good place to start. Talking with people who have worked in а field сап also give you а good idea about what it is like to work in that field. Your friends. teachers, and relatives who have had different work experiences сап Ье а valuaЫe source of сагеег information. Most people enjoy talking about their careers and work experiences. You should consult as many as possiЫe. ln the end, planning for а сагеег means making decisions. Once you thoroughly understand yourself and the availaЫe options, you сап make an informed decision and estaЫish а сагеег goal. As with all decisions, сагеег decision making requires information. Ву being well informed, you will improve the quality of your decisions. Your career decision will Ье easier if you realize it does not have to mean decision оп а career for the rest of your life. Most people have several occupations over а lifetime. Changing careers does not mean you have made а bad decision. Values and interests may change: after а while, you might want to seek а new field of work. Today, as people look for more balance between personal life and work, career changes аге more frequent than ever before.

Vocabulary Notes Career choice - чwr,t,l::ir,wJt, [!UlЛ[lПL[aJПLU, выбор карьеры Significant impact - twчw\J, U2WUWЧWlti9 Wql)l::ignL[aJПL\J, существе нное, важное воздействие То make money - qnLLlwr, Цwщлwчl::il, зарабатывать деньги Ву chance - щwtЛwhwpwr,, случаино То follow one's advice - ht:;1лu.ti[ П[1U.[ ul::iцt, ruпrihr,11t,\J, следовать чье му - то совету Career planning - чwr,t,1::ir,wJti Щ[W\JwЦnr,nLLJ, планирование карьеры Ongoing process - 2wr,nL\Jwччnri qnr,bQ\Jrawg, текущий процесс

Section 2 / Supple'!'entary re_c1ding

То define one's interests, skills, preference - uwhlfw\JЬ-L n11u.t LfЬ-цll hЬ- LЛ WQl1!211nLfcJ nLU \JЬ-11Q, hlf LЛnLfcJnLU \JЬ-11Q. \JwГUwщwLЛч.пLfcJ n LU \JЬ-11Q, оп ределять чьи - то интересы. умения, предпочтения То collect information - LЛЬ-ri.Ь-цnLfcJПL\J hwч.woЬ-L, собирать информацию А wide range of opportunities - h\Jw11wч.n11Ь-L[cJПL\J\JЬ-111l LWJU 2112wuwч,

широкий диапазон возможностей

Self awareness - ll\J12\Jwl111wqЬ-цnLfcJПL\J, самоосведомленность То explore information - hЬ-LЛwqnLЛЬ-L LЛЬ-ri.Ь-цwLЛЦ.ПLfcJПLUQ, иссле довать информацию То take а test - Q\J\JnLfcJПL\J hw\J6\JЬ-L, проходить испытание Career exploration - цw111lЬ-11WJll nLunLLf\Jwur11nLLf, изучение карьеры Work opportunities - W2ГUWLЛWUQWJl1\J h\Jw11wч.n11nLfcJПL\J\JЬ-11, возмож ности работы А valuaЫe source - w11dЬ-12wч.n11 wri.pJПLll, ценный источник ln the end - ч.Ь-11211\J hш2ч.пч., 11 ч.Ь-112n, ч.Ь-112шщЬ-u, в заключение; в ко нечном счете, наконец То estaЫish а (career) goal - \JщwLЛwц 11\JЬ-L, установить цель То improve the quality - pw11Ь-LWЧ.Ь-L n11wцQ, улучшить качество То Ье well informed - LWЧ.WLЛЬ-ruwц Lll\JЬ-L, l111wqЬ-ц Lll\JЬ-L, быть осве домленным The rest of your life - 6Ь-11 цJw\Joll Lf\Jwgwb LfWUQ, остаток вашей жизни

Small Business Ownership lf you have ever dreamed of owning your own business, you are not alone. Thousands of new business ventures are started each year, and the trend toward entrepreneurship continues to grow. The spirit of entrepreneurship is widespread. Yet starting а business is far from easy. lt requires talent and hard work. Most small businesses start with an owner who does it all. Usually the owner is the person who first conceived the idea for the business and does the planning, raises the capital, keeps the accounting records, does the purchasing and selling, and produces the good or service. lf the business succeeds and grows, then the owner hires employees and manages the staff. Running а small business requires knowledge and experience. Gaining business experience Ьу working for another company is extre-

Section 2 / Supplementary reading

mely useful before starting оп your own. Many successful entrepreneurs worked 1n large corporations before they launched their own businesses. То Ье successful, а small - business owner not only needs knowledge and experience but also should possess certain personality traits. Running your own business requires perseverance, the ability to,live with uncertainty and risk. Many people think that having your own small business means having more free time. But the reverse is true. The owner - manager of а small business works twice as hard and puts in far more hours than do employees who work for others. The small business owner also has all of the worries and responsibilities that go with trying to meet а payroll, рау suppliers, and рау the rent. Arranging for financial backing to start or expand а small business is an important and difficult part of small - business ownership. Because the failure rate for new businesses is high, banks are often reluctant to lend money to entrepreneurs. While starting and running а small business takes effort. the rewards сап Ье great. For many people, just being their own boss and having the freedom and flexibility to run things their own way is suffering reward. For others, starting their own business may Ье the most promising way to make а great deal of money. Fortunes сап Ье made Ьу increasing profits over the long term and then either selling stock 1n the company or selling the company to another buyer.

Franchises Another option for people interested in small - business ownership is investing in а franchise. Franchising сап minimize the risk for а new business owner in several ways. First, people experienced in the business provide training and assistance. lnstead of having to acquire business experience through years of work or Ьу trial and error, the franchisee сап Ье guided Ьу the parent company. lt provides assistance in setting up the business, choosing а location, estimating potential sales, and designing market strategies. Also, the franchisee does not have to develop а new product or conduct market studies. lnstead the franchise offers а nationally known name and tested product. Savings сап also Ье realized Ьу getting supplies at lower cost through the volume buying power of the nationwide franchise. Some franchisors help arrange financing as well. With parent - company support. franchises often appeal more to bankers

Section 2 ( Supplementary_reading - �

than do new star1 - ups: also, bankers know the success rate is higher for franchise than for independently owned small businesses.

Vocabulary Notes Small business ownership - LjlnQ[l 6b11uwrцwLЛjlflПLfaJПLu. владение малым предприятием То keep the accounting records - щwhщwubl hw2L[wщwhwцwu qrw11nLulJb[l, вести бухгалтерские записи То manage the staff - цw11wL[wrЬ-l wMuwцwqLIQ, управлять персоналом То gain experience - Ljln[l6 6Ь-1112 pbflbl, приобретать опыт То launch а business - qn[lb 6b11uwrчЬ-l, предпринять бизнес Personality traits - wu6uwчwu hWLЛЦПL[aJПLUUG[l, личные качества То рау the rent - L(6w[lbl 11buLЛw (L[w[l6). платить ренту Рау- roll = рау- sheet - L(6wrwgnLgwц, платежная ведомость То expand а small business - QUf1lWJUbl LjlПQ[l pt,qubuQ, расширять малый бизнес Financial backing - �tiuwuuwчwu W2WЧQПL[aJПLU, финансовая помощь (подцержка) Failure rate - 6wtunгtuwu wuLЛjl6wu, степень неудачи, провала То рау suppliers - L(6w[lbl uwLЛWЧWflW[lubrt,u. платить поставщикам

Section 2 / Supplementary_readin_g___ _

То choose а location - QULЛflbl Г1ilfl12Q, выбирать положение То estimate potential sale - quwhwLЛb[ щnLЛbugjlw[ L[w6w1112Q. оцени вать потенциальный сбыт То design market strategy - O[lWq[lbL 2ПLЧWJjl 11wquwL(wrnL[aJПLUQ. разрабатывать рыночную стратегию То get supplies - 6Ь-1112 pbflbl щw2wrubfl, приобретать запасы Tested product - Ljln[l6W[lЦL[wb WЩflWUQ, WflLЛWf1flWUQ. проверенный товар Franchise - WflLЛnuwqt,r(LЛ[lL(nLu t WflLЛWf1flПгttiu цwu L(w6wr1nгttiu n rn2wчti 2fl2WUПLU uwhuwul(wb dwuwuwцwhwLЛL(WbПLU WЩ[lWUQ W[lLЛWf1[lG[ПL, bWl1WJПL[aJПLU UWLЛПLQG[ПL ll L[w6wr1b[ПL hwuwr) ли цензия (выдается производителю или покупателю. которая позво ляет производить или продавать определенный товар или услугу в определенном регионе в тчении оговоренного времени) Franchisee - W11U.LЛ[lWЦWU 6br1UW[lЦПL[aJПLU, П[lU ПLUjl tirwL(nLUQ L[w6wr1b[ПL W[lf1JПLuwpb[lWЦWU 6Gl1UW[lЦПL[aJWU WЩ[lWUQUG[l W[lLЛПUJW[ ЩWJLfwuubrnL[ торговое предприятие пользующееся правом торговать продуктами промышленного предприятия на льготных условиях

Career in Accounting

То run а business = to handle а business = to conduct а business - L[w flGl qn[lb, rtЬчwL[wrbl 6b11uwrчnL[aJПLu, вести бизнес

groceries Ьу computer, record grades Ьу computer, issue tickets Ьу

То таkе efforts - 2wu12Ь-r щwhwu2Ь-L, требовать усилия

computer, and calculate and print paychecks Ьу computer. Computers have

Great rewards - ubb щwrqllubfl, большое вознаграждение То set up а business = to start а business - hjlul.Jb[, uцub[ w11lJ.LЛ[lWJjlu qn[lO, учредить бизнес Sufficient reward - pwL[W[lW[l LjlntuhwLЛПLQПLU, достаточное возна граждение Promising way- tunuLЛnLUUW[jlg nщt,, многообещающий путь То increase profit - wL[b[wguЬ-t 2whnLJtaQ, увеличить прибыль Over the long term - Ь-rчwr dwuwuwцnl[, в течение длительного времени То minimize the risk - ut,ut,unLut, hwugubt L(LЛwuqQ, минимизировать риск То acquire experience - Ljln[l6 6bl1Q pb[lbl приобрести опыт ln several ways - LЛWflpbfl nщt,ubrnl[, разными путями Parent company - UWJ[l QUЧGflПLfaJПLU, материнская компания

Today's world is а computer world. We print bills Ьу computer, check out

revolutionized the way we live our and way businesses handle operations. ln business even in the smallest enterprise - computerized accounting systems аге now the norms. Record - keeping is по longer а tedious manual effor1 but rather а fast, efficient, computerized operation that provides timely information. Before the computer age, accountants spent hours making calculation оп the computer. The age of information has created а new wave of job openings in the computer field and in accounting. Career opportunities in both fields are excellent. The demand for computer specialists and accountants continues to Ье higher than the supply of qualified candidates. Opportunities in the fields of accounting and information systems are tremendous and still growing.

- -----�-�-- --�еС�!.0_!1__2 / Sщ�E�l:!!'1_e��ary reading _1_� ---

Accountants may Ье classified Ьу the type of certification they achieve, as either а certified рuЫ1с accountant (СРА) ог а cert1fied management accountant (СМА). They аге also classified as puЫic ог private accountants. Accountant

Section 2 / Supplementary reading

accountants. who аге hired for а fee Ьу many different f1rms), they аге known as private accountants. Manag!"ment accountants аге responsiЫe for prov1ding the firm with accurate financial information needed to make decisions. They prepare financial statements as well as supervise the record - keeping staff Large firms frequently organize the financ1al function into several operating departments. Within each department. а staff performs the basic work activities. The staffs аге managed Ьу accounting managers, who usually report to the controller.

Certified puЫic accountant Designation for accountants who pass а п gorous exam1nation, have several years of accounting ехрепеnсе, and 1s licensed Ьу the state, qualified to conduct audits of companies' financial statements, may Ье puЫic ог private.

Certified management accountant Designation for accountants who pass а пgorous exam1nation. have accounting ехрепеnсе. and are licensed Ьу the state; may Ье private ог puЫic accountants but cannot conduct audit of corporate financ1al statements.

Three maJor areas of accounting аге puЫic accounting. management accounting, and government accounting. The biggest and best - known агеа in th_e field of accounting is puЫic accounting. Organizations that provide accounting services for business ог individuals for а fee аге puЫic accounting firms. One of the major functions of puЫic accounting firms is auditing the financial records of organizations. PuЫic accountants conduct these independent audit and issue unbiased opinions about the accuracy of the financial statements. PuЫic accountants also provide many additional services, such as preparing tax returns, advising on tax matters and other financial concerns, setting up accounting and computer systems and preparing financial reports. PuЫic accounting firms usually require their accountants to have certification as а certified puЫic accountant firms. Management accounting - Management accountants аге employed Ьу businesses and manufacturers to manage internal financial record keeping. Because they work full - time for one organization (unlike puЫic

Government Accounting - Government and nonprofit accounting serves the puЫic and not - for - profit sectors. Government accountants review the financial records of government agencies and help periorm financial planning.

Vocabulary Notes Computer world - hwuwчwrqiw1t,u w2tuwflh, компьютерный мир То print Ьills - LЛЩЬ-L hw2t,4ub[l, распечатать счета То issue а ticket - iaПfl.WflЧGL LЛntlu , выпустить билет То record grades - q[lwugЬ-L quwhwLЛwчwul.JЬ-[l, регистрировать оценки То calculate paychecks - hw2ч.wrчЬ-L 46wrW Jru tЬ-ЧЬ-flQ, wu11nrrwqrЬ- flQ, рассчитывать платежные чеки То handle operations - ч.wrЬ-L qn[lbQl.Jrawgl.JЬ-[l. проводить операции Computerized accounting system - hwuwчwrqiWJru hw24wщwhwчwu hwuwчwrq, компьютеризированная бухгалтерская система The field of accounting - hw2ч.wщwhnLraJwl.J puwqw4wr1. бухгалтер ская сфера lnformation system - LЛGfl.GЧWLЛЦWЧWU hWUWЧW[lq, информационная система Certified puЫic accountant - LrgЬ-uqwч.nrч.wb hw2ч.wщwh (wnLl)t,LЛnfl) pw[lofl nrwчwч.nrnLtl nLuЬ-gnri_ hw2ч.wщwh (wnLl)t,LЛn[l), дипломи рованный бухгалтер высшей квалификации Certified management accountant - pw[lo[l nrwчwч.nrnLtl nLuЬ-gnri_ hw24wщwh - ч.Ь-rLnLbwpwu, дипломированный бухгалтер - аналитик высшей квалификации То make calculations - hw2ч.wrчuЬ-[l ЧWLЛW[lGL, проводить рассчеты

Section 2 / Supplementa_ry rea_d_i_11_�

Section 2 / Supplementary reading ______

Career in Marketing

Record - keeping - qriw\JgnLu. ведение записей (учета) То conduct audit - tiriwцw\Jwg\JЬ-L WПLf11lLЛ. проводить аудиторскую проверку То pass ап examination - 12\J\JnLraJnL\J hw\Jo\JЬ-L. сдать экзамен Government accounting - щЬ-LЛwцw\J P-JПL2Ь-LЛWJll\J hw2ч_wr1nLu, госу дарственный бюджетный учет Management accounting - oщЬ-riwLЛllЧ. hw2ч_wr1nLu, оперативный учет, PuЫic accounting - w\Jцwt'u hw2ч.wщwhnLtaJnL\J, независимая бухгал терия Accounting service - hw2ч_wщwhwцw\J OWГ1WJПLfaJПL\J. бухгалтерские услуги То audit records - ULЛПЩЬ-L hw21lч_\JЬ-rit, q[lWГ1ПLlЛJЬ-[l[!. ULЛПЩЬ-L LЛЧJWLUЬ-[l[!, проверить записи счетов (данных) Additional services - LflWQПLQtit OWГ1WJПLfaJПL\J\JЬ-[l, дополнительные услуги Тах return - hwriцwJt,\J hwJLЛWflW[lwqt,ri. налоговая декларация Profit tax - Ь-цwuLЛwhwriц, налог на прибыль Тах matters - hwriцwJll\J hwrigЬ-ri (qnrioЬ-ri), налоговые вопросы (дела)

The field of marketing 1nvolves all of the steps that bring countless goods and services to consumers. These steps include marketing research, developing new products. advertising, packaging, distribution, and sales_ Marketing is а huge field employing millions of people. Opportunities in the field аге vast and the damage for skilled. well - trained people continues to grow. Marketing intermediaries, organizations that provide the link between producers and consumers, аге vital. The major types of intermediaries аге wholesalers and retailers. Wholesaling is the sale of goods in large amounts to retailers, other wholesalers, rather than to consumers. Retailing is the sale of goods and services to consumers for personal ог household use. The field of retailing includes department stores, mail order businesses, and vending machines. Retailers buy their goods wholesale, display their wares, and sell them to individual consumers for а price higher than they initially paid.

Financial concerns - _'pt,\Jw\Juwцw\J qnrioЬ-ri. финансовые отношения То set up ап accounting system - \JЬ-rit1\JЬ-L hw2ч_wr1uw\J hwuwцwriq, основать (внедрить) систему учета Financial report - _'pt,\Jw\Juwцw\J hw2ч_Ь-LЛЦ.ПLfaJПL\J, финансовая отчетность Man.igement accountant - qlr,JWЧ.Пfl hw2ч_wщwh-4Ь-[lLПLOwp_w\J, hw2ч_wщwh, главный бухгалтер - аналитик Full - time - LfltiЧ. f1flПLJJ2. полное время работы (полный рабочий день) Part - time - ц Ь-u f1flПLJJ2, неполный рабочий день То perform financial planning - tiriwцw\Jwg\JЬ-L :Pll\Jw\Juwцw\J ЩLWUW ч_nrinLu, осуществить финансовое планирование

Vocabulary notes Countless products - wuratiч. wщriwu12\JЬ-[l, многочисленные товары Marketing research - 2ПLЦWJЧ.WflПLfaJW\J hЬ-LЛwqnLЛПLfaJПL\J, маркетин говое исследование Well - trained people - LWЧ. ЩWLЛ[lWULЛч_wo uwrif1tiц, хорошо обучен

ные люди Millions of people - utiLlln\Jwч_nri uwrit1tiц, миллионы людей ln large amounts - uЬ-о 12w\JwцnLfaJWLfp_, большими количествами Rather than - nt rаЬ-, а не, но не Personal use - w\Jo\Jwцw\J oqLЛwqn[lOПLU, личное использование

Accurate financial information - 62qrillLЛ _'pt,\Jw\Juwцw\J LЛЬ-[lЬ-ЦWLЛЧ,ПL

Specialty store - uwu\Jwqt,LЛwgч_wo t'uw\JnLta, специализированный

ГаJnL\J, достоверная финансовая информация

магазин

То supervise the staff - ч_Ь-riwhuцЬ-L w\Jo\Jwцwqut,\J, контолировать служебный персонал The record - keeping staff - hw2ч.WJtiu w\Jo\Jwцwqu, персонал, веду щий записи (учет) Financial records - :Pll\Jw\Juwцw\J qriwr1nLlЛJЬ-ri, финансовые записи

Chain stores - unчu :PtiriuWJti ui,wLЛt,щ t-uw\JnLta, однотипные рознич ные магазины одной фирмы Mail order business - ЦlПULЛWJt,\J OWГ1WJПLfaJПL\J, услуги почтой Vending machine - wr1LLLЛ[lWJ1l\J wч_LЛnuwLЛ, торговый автомат Department store - hw\Jriwt"uw\JnLfa, универсальный магазин, универмаг То display wares - gnLQWf1flbL wщriwu12\JЬ-ri, показывать товары

Section 2J Suppleme11!a.-y rE!_adi11_9_

Advertising Every day, we see commercials and advertising messages on te\evision and radio, in newspapers and magazines, on billboards. and in our mail. Most of what we see and hear is prepared Ьу advertising agencies. Agenc1es are h1red to p\an. des1gn. and produce an advert1sing campaign to reach potential customers. The field 1s high\y competitive Agencies compete with one another to Ье аЬ\е to handle а company's advertising program. An advertising agency has specialists in writing and creating ads, market research. puЫic relations. media selection. and managing client accounts The advertising account executive is the primary link between the agency and the client. Selling is а major part of the job. The account executive makes presentations about the agency to prospective clients. Account executives direct the advertising program They oversee the development of the concept and work the client to gain approval of the overall plan. They also see that the campaign stays on schedule and within budget. Advertising is а very fast-paced field. Реор\е in the field must work under а great deal of pressure. Their work hours may Ье long and unpredictaЫe. Competition for jobs in advertising is intense. The field is considered quite "glamorous" Ьу many, and Jarge numbers of people want to get into the field. Most have some degree of specialization to offer, such as photography, copywriting, graphic art, market research, or marketing sales.

Market Research Before spending millions of dollars on а new product or advertising campaign, companies want answers to some questions How big is the marke\? Will my customers Jike the package? Js the price too high ? How does the consumer decide what to buy? Marketing research specialists help provide the answers to these kinds of questюns They plan, design, conduct, and analyze results of surveys. They may conduct research Ьу interviewing shoppers. asking questions Ьу telephone. sending out questionnaires. and conducting

Section 2 / SupplemE!_11_!ary rei'lding

group interv1ews. Analysts 1nterpret many kinds of data from surveys, economic studies. and sales records. Computers and statistical techniques are used extens1vely to analyze the data. Reports are prepared summaпzing the1r findings. Most large companies have their own market1ng research department. Advertising agencies also often have their own marketing research staff. Job opportunities сап also Ье found in independent market research firms. Every new product on the market needs to Ье introduced to the puЫic through а marketing campaign. The person responsiЫe for planning, developing. and directing the marketing effort of а particular product is the product manager. Some firms use the term brand manager rather than product managers. The product managers will oversee the research and development, packaging, manufacturing. pricing, distribution. advertising. promotion, and sales of the product. Не or she has the full responsibility for success or failure of the product. Because millions of dollars are often at stake w1th the 1ntroduction of а new product. companies do а good deal of test marketing. Market research provides feedback about the product's price, its packaging, and its features long before the product is introduced to the puЫic. The product manager decides whether to modify the product to make it more appealing, or to cancel the product altogether. Product management requires knowledge and expertise in а\\ areas of the marketing process. Because of the great responsibility in the hands of product managers, most реор\е are required to work as assistants for several years before being promoted to manager. Many firms require several years of sales experience before even starting as an assistant product manager.

Vocabulary notes Advertising agency qnLjwq[1WJ[l\J qnribwцщnчaJnL\J. рекламное агенство Market research - 2nLЦWJГ1 (huwriwцnrinL[c}JПL\Jut;riri) ht;uiwqnuinLraJnL\J, изучение (возможностей) рынка

Տection 2 6 Տupplementary reading

Public relations - o_uljbflmraJwlJ hb[1t,llwljmra1wu wu11wU1llrinu.fQ hwuw-

Լo direct the marketing efforts - Ljw11wt.lwrbL 2mljwJwt.lwrwljwlJ L.ft,2n-

rwljmraJwlJ L.fb2. yKpenneHVle penyTal..1VIVI cpv1pMb1 s 06U-1ecrne Media selection - LflWUll{WljwlJ L.ft,2ngub11t, QUUlflnLU, oT6op cpe,[\CTB VIH-

gw11mL.fllt-11Q. PYKOBO,[\VITb (ynpaBJls:!Tb) MapKeTVIHrGBble MeponpVls:!Tl/15'!

cpopMaL1V1V1 Primary link - ht,L.fl.Jwljwl.J 0[1Wlj, OCHOBHOe CB5'!3Yf0Ll.l88 3B8HO Account executiոe - qn[lOWl{W[l. OTB8TCTB8HHbll/1 COTPYAHVIK peKJlaMHOro

paBJls:!fOU-IV1111) no Bb1nycKy rnsapos

areHTCTBa:,[\enonpOV13BO,[\VIT8Jlb Լo make presentations - LjwqL.fwljbflU1GL 2un11hwuribu. opraHVl30BaTb

Լo haոe the full responsibility - 4flGL wrt.l UjWUlwutuwlJWUll{nLtaJnLU.

npe3eHTal..1VlfO (noKa3) Լo handle a program - t.lwrbL orwqt,[lQ, secTVI nporpaMMY Լo oոersee the deոelopment - hul.JbL qwrqwgmLfQ. cne,[\VITb 3a pa3BVITVleM

Լo proոide feedback

Լo gain approոal - umwllwL hwt.lwllmraJmlJ. nonyYVITb o,[\06peHv1e Within the budget - pJm2br uwhL.fwl.Jubrmu, s npe,[\enax (paMKax) 6fOA-

,[\Vlq:JVI l..1VI posaTb) n POAYKL.1VI fO Լo make it appealing - riwrollbL WJU hflWUjnLflt"lt C,[\enaTb npv1sneKa-

>KeTa Տtay on schedule - LfllwL wl.Jt.lwllwgwl.JljmL.f. oCTasaTbcs:i s nepeYHe

TeJ1bHblM

(peeCTe) Fast Ո paced field - w11w2 o_urawgn[l pl.Jwqwt.1w11. 6b1cTpo V1AYU-1as:i (pacTyU-1as:i) OTpaCJlb

Produce manager - W[lUlWf"l[lWUQt, qbnl{ LjWl1Wl{W[lt,t. M8H8,[\>Kep (ynmanager WflUlWf"lflWUQQ 2mljw MeHe,[\>Kep. npO,[\BVlrafOU-IVll/1 TOBap Ha pblHOK

8rand

hwl.Jn[l

Ljw11wt.1wrrt.

HeCTVI nonHyfO OTB8TCTB8HHOCTb -

WUjwhnt.lbL hwljw11wlj

ljwUj.

o6ecneYVITb

o6paTHYfO cs~3b Լo modify the product - ou.wljlntut-L W[lUlWf"l[lWUQQ. BVl,[\OVl3M8Hs:!Tb (MO-

Մareer in Management Nearly everything needs to be managed - money, people. property. children. and of course businesses. All organizations - large corporations. small

A great deal of pressure - L.fbb 6u2mu. 6onbwoe ,[\asneHv1e

businesses. government agencies. and non - profit organizations - operate

Լo get into the field - L.fnu.ng qnrbbL pl.Jwqwt.1w11. so111TV1 s OTpacnb

within some kind of management structure. Managers appear in all areas.

Marketing sales - t.lw6w112r OWl{WL, o6beM npo,[\a>K

including accounting, marketing, engineering. teaching, and other professional

Ansաers to some questions - nrn2 hwrgbrt, UjWUlwutuwul.Jbfl, orneTbl

and technical fields. Managers are the backbone of the organization.

Ha HeKOTOpb18 sonpOCbl Լo conduct research - l{WflGL hl:;u,wqnlllnL!aJnLUUG[l, npOBO,[\VITb VICCJl8-

Management is one of the most widespread career areas. Because managers are found in all organizations and functions, opportunities for

AOBaHVl8 Լo conduct interոieա - hwrgwq[lmJg l{WflGL, npoBOAVITb co6ece,[\0BaHV1e

working in a management capacity are endless. People in all types of

Տales records - w11u.mrt, t.lt,6wljwqrmra1ml.J, rnprosas:i CTaTVICTVIKa

greater salaries, and authority. The most high - paying, high - status

Լo analyze the data - l{GflLnLOGL Ull{JWLUGflQ, aHaJlV13VlposaTb AaHHble

positions in any organization are usually management positions.

Լo summarize findings - wL.fljlnljlt-L UllLJWLUGflQ. (0606U-1aTb) AaHHble

organizations aspire to management positions. Many seek higher status,

Եegardless of the industry. organization, or functional area, all

Job opportunities - w2tuwmwuer huwrwt.lnrmraJnLUUG[l, B03MO>KHOCTb

managers perform the same key functions: planning, organizing, directing,

pa60Tbl Product management - WfllllWf"lflWUQt, qbnt.l Ljw11wt.1wrmu. ynpasneHVle

and controlling. Specific activities may differ, but all management involves these same functions.

no npoAyKTY Particular product - Jmrwhwmmlj WfllllWf"lflWUQ, oco6eHHblll1 npo,l\yKT

work being done by the others. They train workers. motivate employees.

Supervision is one aspect of management. Supervisors oversee the

Seco0_n �j Sup��_menta_ry readin9

communicate policies and procedures. evaluate performance. and ass1st workers with work and personal proЫems. AII managers supervise. but not all supervisors are managers. Supervisors usually do not make maJor organizational decisюns or exercise strategic planning. Supervisors follow polices and guidelines developed Ьу managers. Sometimes new hires are trained Ьу superv1sors or may start in а supervisory position. lf they perform well. they сап advance to management positions. Conversely the supervisor position may Ье as far as an individual advances because of limited skills or educational background. The management function crosses all areas and industries. Broadly speaking, management positions represent advancement in any area. However, to break into management, а level of technical competence or an area of specialization often is very important. People with а specialty get hired for their firs job more easily than generalists. When firms hire new. entry - Jevel people. they usually look for someone who сап do а particular job such as accounting, sales. or computer programming At high levels of management. а broad generalist who сап understand all aspects of the business is highly desiraЬle. ln some specialty areas. managers need а high degree of expertise in the field. Hospital administration, hotel and restaurant management, and city management are а few examples. Many large businesses and government agencies hire entry - level professionals with the idea of grooming them for management. Most enter straight out of college, or perhaps, they are starting over in а new career. Firms must develop managerial talent for leading the organization in the future, so they seek people with high potential for management. Entry level positions provide the opportunity for training and practical experience. Some titles typically associated with the various levels are shown in Figure 1

Section 2 / Supplementary reading

,--------------1

Pres1dent. Ch1et execut1ve off1cer Partner (account1ng) V1ce pres1dent of t1пanc1ai operatюns D1rector of research and development Chancellor ( university)

Г P�t ::nager- - - Оеап (univers1ty) Pro1ect director 1 �g:_:a�o�a� (�s ) __ __

Middle-level managers

г--------1 F1rst-l1ne superv1sor

Product п1апаgег Chairperson of 1 Departmeпt (un1vers1tyl 1 1_ - - - - - - - - J

First-line managers

Figure 1

Vocabulary Notes Non - profit organization - 2whnчrэ ULЛWUWLПL \JщwLЛWЧ thbLЛwщurin11 чwquwчbflЩПL["ЭJПLU. организация не преследующая прибыль Management structure - ЧW11Wt.[W[lUWU ЧWl1ПLgt.[wbQ, структура управ ления Technical field - LЛbtu\Jt1чwчwu p\Jwqwt.[w11 (ПLПflLЛ), техническая сфера Widespread area - LWJUWLЛW[lwb ПLПflLЛ, широко распространенная сфера Higher status - pwflOfl ritiflQ, высокое общественное положение То seek authority - oqLЛbL ti2tuwunL["ЭJW\J (11bчwt.[w[lnL["ЭJW\J), стремить ся к власти High - paying position - pwror t.[6wrt.[n11 щw2LЛnu(ritire). высокоопла чиваемая должность Regardless of - wuчwtu t,ui-nfl pw\Jt,g, не обращая внимания: невзи рая на Кеу function - QLtuwt.[nr qnrbwt1nLJ["Э, основная функция То assist workers - w2wчgbL w2tuwLЛnJ1ubrt,u. помогать работникам

Տection 2 6 Տupplementary reading

Տection 2 6 Տupplementary reading --~--

- - - - - ~

Լo eոaluate performance - ql.JwhwUlb[ w2tuwU1WUQQ (l.jwU1w[lnlllQ).

opens more and more opportunities for people interested in international careers

o~eH~BaTb~cnonHeH~e Major decision - hrl.fuwl.jwl.J nrrn2nuJ. Ba}l<HOe peweH~e

Many people are attracted to international organizations because of

Management position - l.jWl1W4.WflUWU 11rfl!2 (u.jW2Ulnl.J). ynpasneH'-leC-

the appeal of international travel. Traveling abroad and exploring new

Kai:l no3~~~i:i

cultures can be an exciting prospect. However. having an international

Limited skills - uwhuwl.JwLjlwl.J huU1mra1m1.Jl.Jtr,. orpaH~YeHHb1e HaBblK~

career does not necessarily mean working abroad. Opportunities for

Educational background - l.Jrirawl.Jwl.J Li.jWU1flWUU14.wbmra1ml.J. 06pa3osa-

developing an international career exist in all of the main employment

TenbHai=i no,[\roTosneHHOCTb

sectors. business. government. and non - profit One of the fastest-growing areas for international careers is 1n the

lndustries=branches of industry - Wflf1JnL1.Jwptr,mraJwl.J 6Jmri.tr,. oTpac-

n~ npOMblWneHHOCT~

field of foreign or international trade. Thousands of organ1zat1ons are

8roadly speaking - Ql.Jrihwl.Jmr, w11uwup. soo6U,\e rosopi:i: s o6U,\~X Yeprnx

involved with exporting and importing products or services between

Լo represent adոancement - 1.Jtr,l.jwJwgl.JtL w11w2tuw11wgmu. npe,[lcTa-

countries. which creates the need for specialists in a variety of areas. International trade requires many different kinds of specialists. Brief

B~Tb K npo,[\B~}l<eHvHO (nOBblWeH~IO)

descriptions of a few very specialized jobs appear here

Լo break into management - umUlQ qnr,btL Ljw11w4.wr,uwl.J pl.Jwqw4.w11.

Foreign traffic managers are responsible for getting things from one

so111T~ s o6nacTb ynpasneH~i=i

location to another. They determine the best methods and routes for

Get hired - 4.wr,04.t[, HaH~MaTbC>I

shipping cargo. The job requires extensive knowledge of cargo - handling and claims procedures and packaging requirements.

High leոel of management - l.jw11w4.wr,uwl.J pwr,ar, uwl.jwr,riwl.J, Bb1coK~111 yposeHb ynpasneH~>I

Foreign branch managers direct foreign offices or factories overseas for

First · line manager - UUln[lt')l.J 011.wl.Jr Ljw11w4.wr,ri. PYKOBO,[\~Tenb H~-

foreign firms. Because they supervise the foreign nationals on the staff,

3Wero 3BeHa

they need to be aware of the customs, laws. and business regulations of the host country.

Middle Ո leոel manager - ur2ru 011.wl.Jr l.jw11w4.wrirL PYKOBO,[\~Tenb cpe,[1Hero 3BeHa

Many small companies use export brokers to sell their products in

Executiոe Ո leոel manager - Lj_tr,t')l.J 011.wl.Jr 11tl.Jw4.wr,. PYKOBO,[\~Tenb BblC-

global markets. Export brokers act as foreign sales representatives

wero 3BeHa

overseas from small companies. The job usually involves expensive international travel.

Մareer in Մnternational 8usiness

Մmport merchants purchase merchandise abroad and then try to find domestic buyers for the goods.

The world of business is expanding daily. No longer confined within

Generally speaking,

their own borders. businesses compete in markets around the globe. Each

day,

more companies

move

into

international

the

major types

of business activities or

specializations are the same in both domestic and international business.

activities-joint

However,

markets. In almos: every industry, thousands of different companies are

accounting, marketing. and management is more complex and involves

growth 1n

opportunities in

the

global

marketplace

international

business,

specializing

making adjustments to different cultural and political environments.

trying to compete i1 the international arena. The

in areas such as

ventures, imports-exports, overseas investments. expansion into foreign

means exciting

Starting an international career can be difficult; getting an overseas

career

assignment in business is not always easy. Often companies doing

nternational business. Increased global competition

business overseas rely primarily on personnel from the host countries.

_.l

~--·· --~·-· Տection 2 6_ Տupplemիntary_reading

Many employers fill overseas pos1t1ons with nationals who have been educated abroad and who want to 11ve in their home countries The governments offer international Job opportunities through several organizations. Մonsular officers provide aid to people living. traveling. and working abroad. They help in cases of emergencies anci find doctors for foreigners who are sick. They also grant visas to foreigners requesting to go abroad.

Տection 2 6 Տupplementary reading Լraffic managers - U1[1wl.JuL4nf1Lnti pwctuti ri.t;4w4wri TpaHcnoprnoro OT,հ,ena

pyK0BO,հ,Lt1TeJ1b

Լo ship cargo - pw11ot;l ptin. rpy3Lt1Tb TOB8p Foreign branch manager - Wfll.Ilwuwhuwl.JJwlJ uwuuw6mri.ti fl.l:iljw4.wri. M8H8,հ,>Kep LtlHOCTpaHHOro cpvinviana Տale representatiոe - WL4flWUQl.Jti11ti 4.w6w1112ti qbn4. qnribwl.Jwl, areHT no npo,[la>Ke Tosapos

and all the issues concerning departure. Political officers deal with political issues and developments They maintain contact with foreign officials. prepare analyses and reports. and

Լo purchase merchandise - ql.Jt;L WL4f1WUQ. noKynaTb TOB8p

negotiate agreements. Մommercial officers analyze and report on economic trends and events that affect foreign countries. They work to find new markets abroad for products and help investors abroad They work closely with foreign businesses. providing help in setting economic policy in trade. economic

Domestic business - hwJ[ltil.JwljwlJ pflql.Jtu. oTeYecrneHHblL-1 6vi3Hec Rely on - htl.J4.tL, Ha,[le>1TbC>1

development. energy, and transportation. Administrative officers provide operations which include handling communications. planning budgets. purchasing supplies. and meeting the personal needs of Foreign Services officers and their families A number of organizations with international interests are not run tor profit. Many are active around the world. involved in areas such as economic assistance programs. educational programs, human rights research and causes, refugee assistance, family planning, student

Domestic buyer - hWJ[ltil.Jwljwl.J qunriri. oTeYecrneHHblL-1 noKynaTeflb Generally speaking - ourihwl.J[lwL4t;u wuwb, soo6w,e rosop,i

Մonsular officer - hJnLL4WU1nuw11wur, L4W2Lnnl.Jwljwl.J cwr1w1nri.. KOHcynbCKLtlL-1 pa6oTHLt1K Լo proոide aid - UlflWUwrifll:iL oqumraJml.J. npe,[IOCTaBJl>lTb noMOIJ.1b Լo grant ոisa - UlflWUwrifll:iL LJ.tiqw, npe,[10CTaBJ1>1Tb sv13y Լo go abroad - ql.JwL Wfll.Ilwuwhuwl.J, noexaTb 3a rpaHLt1L.\Y Մn case of emergencies - CWJ[lwhtri. wuh11wctt2Lnmfc)JWU ritL4QGflnLU. s 4p83Bbl4aL-1Hb1X o6CTO>lT8JlbCTBax Political officer - QWfl.WQWLjwl.J L4W2UlnUJW. nOJlv1Tv148CKLt1L-1 ,[\OJl>KHOCTHOe Jlvll.\O Լo negotiate agreements - hwuwowJl.Jwq[l[l ljl.JQGL, 38Kflt048Tb cornaweHv1>1 Political issue - QWfl.WQWLjwl.J hw[lg, nonv1Tv1YeCKLt1L-1 sonpoc

exchange programs, and community development. Nonprofit organizations hire people in many different areas. Knowledgeable people in various fields such as health. business, nutrition, and agriculture work as staff members. They handle administrative tasks and run research projects. Most positions require a bachelor's degree;

Լo set economic policy - uwhuwl.Jt;L U1l.JU1b-uw4wl.J QWfl.WQWLjwl.JmtaJ mu, onpe,[18Jlv1Tb 3KOHOMLt148CKYIO non vim Ky

some may require proficiency in a second language.

Լo handle communications - hwul.IlWUlGL 4WL4Gfl, HaJ1a>Kv1BaTb KOHTaKTbl

Economic assistance program - l.Ilul.Ilb-uwljwl.J Lj,nt"uoqumraJwl.J C[lwq[l[l. nporpaMMa 3KOHOMLt148CKOL-1 nOMOW,Lt1 Educational program - l.J11raw4wl.J b11wqflfl, o6p830BaTeJ1bHa>1 nporpaMMa Refugee assistance - Ljlwt°UuU1wljwl.Jut:;11r, oqumraJwl.J c11wq[l[l, nporpaMMa C0,[\8L-1CTBLt1>l 6e>K8HL.\aM

Vocabulary Notes Օոerseaքs) inոestments - Wfll.IlWQ[lU ut;11rwnu.Jl.Jti[l, v1HocTpaHHble v1Hsec-

8achelor's degree - pwl.JWLWLlflti wuU1t,6wl.J, cTeneHb 6aKanaspa

Tv1L.\Lt1 Fast groաing area - w11wq

Research project - hb-U1wqnU1wljwlJ b[lwq[l[l, v1ccne,[10B8T8J1bCKLt1L-1 npoeKT

w6nri. pl.JwqwLJ.wri.

6blCTpopaCTyw,a,i

OTpaCJlb 8rief description - hw4r,116 u4w11wq11nuJ. KpaTKoe onv1C8Hv1e

Administratiոe task - 4.Wfl[Wljwl.J wriw2wri11wl.JQ, 38,[1848 8,[IMLt1HLt1CTp8rnsHoro ynp8BJ18HLt1>l

Section 3 / Business Language

Section 3

BUSINESS LANGUAGE. EXPRESSIONS, MOST

COMMONLY USED IN COMMERCIAL LEТТERS.

ДЕЛОВОЙ ЯЗЫК. ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ, ЧАЩЕ ВСЕГ

. ьМАХ ПИС

ИСПОЛьЗУЕМЫЕ В ДЕЛОВЫХ

pleasure to receive your letter of... This is to inform you that 1 have rece1ved your letter of .. 1 wish to thank you most sincere\y for уоuг kind letter...

ствием получили Ваше

gwu12 Qt;r UWUWЦQ

ПИСЬМО ОТ...

Настоящим сообщаю. что получил Ваше

ПИСЬМО ОТ ..

Хочу искренне побла годарить Вас за Ваше любезное письмо..

UПLJUПL/ LЛGГ)bцwgunLLI t:.LI, П[l ULЛWQGL t;LI Qt;[l uwuwцQ - nLqnLLI ЬL1 UflLЛWug hwJLЛl.Jt;L Qt;q f,LI bfl whJ LЛWC+Г\LЛПLfaJПLUQ uf,nw LГ\ll UWUWЦГ\ hwuwr Ul.JtWЦl 2UП[lhWЦW[ t;LI

Qb[l ЩWLЛW UГ)JLUUГ) hw

UW[l Cl.Jn[lhWЦW[ПL[aJПLu t;LI hwJLЛunLLI wrwq щw LЛwuhJwuf, hWUW[l UlJtWЦl tTIWГ\JUlWЩWflUl t;L.l:;)t;q hwL.lwr

qnrourur Lt:::юt: qnrourur vUUU4vtrntu �uisu1u �Uv'1-t°'"'ln'1 ursu�uasntraantvvtr

1 very much appreciate having а reply from you.

Я очень благодарен за Baw ответ ...

The business letter is not generally regarded as а form of literature and does not require а literary mind ог any particular literary talent. The language is. mainly, stereotyped. lt must Ье stressed that offic1al ог semiofficial business letters require certain accepted idioms, set phrases. patterns and grammar, which аге found in general use today. Certain skills, therefore. must Ье acquired Ьу practice, and details of

Thank you (Many thanks) for уоuг prompt reply of...

Благодарю за скорый отвр·

1 am most gratefu\ to you for... 1 am 1n rece1pt of your letter... We аге sending you herewith... 1 enclose herein...

Я очt:н,, благодарен Вам за... В потверждение Ваше го письма, я... С настоящим письмом высылаем Вам ... К настоящему письму прилагаем В данном письме Вы найдете ...

UJu uwuwцnl/ Qt;q t:.u12

ПLГ)WflЦПLU...

UПLJU uwuwцf,u ЦQПLLI bl.JQ ... UJU uwLlwцnLLI 'i-ПLQ

ЦC+LЛUGQ ...

С удовольствием вы сылаю Вам ...

°iW6ПLJQПL/ Qt;q t;LI ПL

Г\W[lЦПLU

Настоящим ставим Вас в известность ... Счастлив снабдить Вас... Отдельным письмом высылаю Вам ...

UnLJunL/ Qt;q LЛbГ)bцwg

unLLI GUQ ...

nlflWhJ t;LI Qt;q WЩW

hПL/GL (LЛ[lLUUWГ)flGL) .

Ur2wbl,ru uwuwцnl/ \ Qt;q ЬL1 Пll Ш[lЦПLU...

writing must Ье learnt. This section offers а choice of most commonly used set phrases and patterns which will еnаЫе а student to write business letters in English.

ACKNOWLEDGING RECEIPT OF LEТТERS.

EXPRESSING GRATIТUDE FOR ТНЕМ.

ПОТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ПИСЕМ.

ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ.

vUUU4vtrt°' usuвuuv �uususntuc, tru1uSUQt°'Snt1aantv �uasvыc We аге pleased to геceive... We acknowledge

Мы рады

(confirm) receipt of... This is !о acknowledge уоuг \etter dated Sep-

чение... Пишу, чтобы потвердить получение Ваше го письма от 6 сентября ..

tember 6...

(was)

great

получить ...

Мы nотверждаем noлy-

С большим удоволь-

nLrwhJ t:.u12 uLЛwuщ ...

°iWULЛWLЛПLU

bl.JQ...

ULЛWUW[Q

UnLJuПL/ hwuLЛWLЛПLU t;LI ubщLЛt:.LlpbflГ\ 6 - f,u

ПLГ)W[lЦWO Qt;[l UWUWЦГ\ ULЛWUW[Q

Ut;b hw6nLJQnL/ ULЛW-

You will find enclosed ... Attached to this letter you will find ... 1 have the pleasure of sending you ... 1 have pleasure in sen ding you... This is to inform you... 1 am happy to supply you with... 1 am sending you under separate cover...

t:;u, Г\ hWULЛWLЛПLL.fu Qt:.r uwLlwцf,,

---------- --- -

Section 3 -/- Business Language ---- -- ------� --- -

11 1s very kind of you to

Очень любезно с Ва шей стороны.•

СшLЛ uгiriwL tin r �bri ЦПf1Uhg

1 am writ1ng to thank you

Пишу. чтобы поблаго

С+Г)ПLU

very much for ..

дарить Вас за.

�t;q

Мау I take th1s oppor

Позвольте

tu hu

hwJLЛUG[ПL

IC!ПLJL LЛL[GQ. OqLЛL[b[ПL[

WГ1[1 [afl9, 2UП[lhLUЦW[ПL

tun1ty of thanking you

ваться случаем. чтобы

for...

поблагодарить Вас за ..

[aJПLU hWJLЛUG[

hwuwri

Thank you for contri

Благодарим за столь

Cunrihwцwt GUQ WJГ\

but1ng so much to ...

большой вклад в...

QWU uьо ubriГ\rinLu цw LЛwriь lnL hWUW[l

Я высоко ценю Вашу доброту...

sincerely

appreciate

your kindness...

выразить

мою

�t;q.

t;u pwriori tu q\Jwhw LЛПLU �t;ri pw[lПL[aJПLUQ Sw\Jцw\JnLu t;Lf hwJLЛ

1 wish to express my

Хочу

appreciation for all your

благодарность за все

\JbL

efforts ..

Ваши усилия ...

LЛПL[aJПLUQ

flu

G[lWrJLЛWQfl �1:;р РП LПГ1

2WUQGГ1ti hwuwri 1 am most grateful to you

очень

благодарен

for helping me.

Вам за помощь.

CwLЛ G[lwr; LЛШЩWГ)LЛ

tLf �l:;q' h\Jo oq\Jb[ПL

ВЕЖЛИВЫЕ ДЕЛОВЫЕ ПРОСЬБЫ

И ОТВЕТЫ НА НИХ.

Q.nrtп"uчu1., 1v1.,'1.ru1.,e1.,ьrj-\ - '1.ru1.,s "'lusuu1vut.t.ьrj-\ '1b"'lentu чj-\run.чл'l ursu=щasntraantt.1.,ьr We should greatly appre ciate your telling us Will you kindly inform us 1 am making use of this opportunity to approach you with the request 1 avail myself of the op portunity to 1 would ask you to attend k1ndly to my request

hwuwri Thank you for letting me

Благодарю за сообще

Cunrihwцwt

know that..

ние. что..

Liwutiu hWJLЛUG[ПL hw

ШJГ\

uwri: tu

�ьг�

ln accordance (confor

В соответствии с Ва шей просьбой По Вашей просьбе

Cunrihwц щ

те to your firm office

шение посетить офис

qriwub\JJwц

hriw l[ti rib

mity) with your request

and introducing me to its

Вашей фирмы и за воз

LПL- uriw w\Jo\Jwцwquti

ln reply to your request

staff.

можность познакомить ся с ее персоналом.

hl:;LЛ

Пишу, чтобы поблаго

С+Г)ПLU tu, nri 2uпrihшцш

again for your wonderful

дарить еще раз за Ва

LПL[aJПLU hшJLЛutu

hospitality and to tel1 you

ше гостеприимство и

hJПL[lШ Ufl[lПL[aJШU hш

how

выра зить, как я был

UШ[l шutu, г,;Ь n1112шu ПL riшr.i tti LЛGUUb[ �t;q

This is to thank you

much

seeing you.

enjoyed

рад увидеть Вас.

�ьг�

Я хочу попросить Вас любезно уделить вни мание моей просьбе удовлетворить просьбу выполнить просьбу

Благодарю за пригла

hwuшri:

Мы будем признатель ны, если Вы сообщите нам Не будете ли Вы так лю безны, сообщить нам Пользуюсь данной воз можностью, чтобы об ратиться к Вам с прось бой Пользуюсь возможно стью

to meet the request to comply with the request According to your request

Thank you for inviting

bWUП[aWQUb[ПL

PHRASES WНICH ARE COMMONLУ USED IN

PRESENТING А REQUEST AND REPLYING ТО П.

t;Г)WГtJLЛWqfl

LЛПL[aJПLUQ

воспользо

Section 3 / Business Language

We trust you will

Utiriщtiri tb Q ttiЩ1 hШJLЛ \Jb[ uьq OqLЛL[nLu tu LЛЦJШ[ h\Jш riшL[nrinLr,;JnL\Jflg, nriщbu qti фul:;u �t;q lcJ\JГ\[lШU pnL[ OqLЛL[b[nL[ huшriшL[nrinLr,;JnL\Jflg' tu gw\JцшlJnLLf W гuouri riьl :)t;q Uhf1WLhri цt;riщnl[

Пl2ШГ\Г)ПLГ<J]ПLU Г\ШГ)ОUG[

hLf ГUUГ\ГlШUf'flU pшL[шriшribL rJUГ\f1ШUQQ pш l[шriшrit;l rJUГ\f1ШUQQ ::i.шuшOШJU �t;ri rJQUГ\ [lШUQti

Г' ЩШLЛШUrJШU

�b[l

rJUГ\[lШUQfl

We hope you will We are glad to answer your inquiry

Ub\JQ GГ)ШrJ LЛШЩШГ)LЛ

Ц[fl\Jl:;\Jp, G[aG 'fПLQ Lfbq

hШJLЛUb Q

Надеемся, что Вы Мы рады ответить на Ваш запрос

Please let us know

Пожалуйста, сообщите

We kindly ask you to send us

Любезно просим выс лать нам

::i.nшn l[ b\Jp, nri 'fnLp Иb\JQ ПLГ)ШrJ bUQ щш LЛШUrJШ \JbL �bri hшrig uш\JQ hJ\JГj[lПLU tu hшJLЛ\Jbp ut;q Utiriщtiri цьг�щnl[ icJ Q\JГ\ rinLu b\Jp ПLГlШilЦG[ ul:;q

Section 3 / B�siness Language Please 1nform us about Please take notice that We request to рау We would like you to send us Please 1ndicate your post - code. telephone and telex numbers Please take all neces sary measures for Please do your best to bring this matter to а fast positive end.

Please send us urgently in accordance with our contract. 1 wonder if you could do me а favor. We will appreciate your informing us of your decision concerning We ask you for some additional information about We would kindly request to provide us with 1 would appreciate very much if you would send me according to Clause 6 of the agreement

Просим сообщить нам о Просим заметить. что Просим оплатить Мы хотим, чтобы Вы выслали нам укажите Пожалуйста, Ваш почтовый индекс. номера телефона и телекса. Прошу принять необ ходимые меры для Сделайте, пожалуйста. все возможное, чтобы привести это дело к скорому положительно му финалу. Вышлите нам, пажалуйста, срочно в со ответствии с нашим контрактом. Хотелось бы знать, не можете ли Вы оказать мне любезность. Мы будем благодарны, если Вы сообщите Ваше решение относи тельно Просим у Вас неко торую дополнительную информацию о Мы бы попросили обес печить нас Я был бы очень при знателен. если бы Вы выслали мне согласно пункту 6 договора

ruuririnLLI t;\JQ hwJLЛUbL Llt;q Llwuti\J ru\Jf1ilПLLI b\JQ \JцwLЛGL. П[l ruU[1[lПLU b\JQ 46w[lbl lJl:;\JQ gw\Jцw\JnLLI b\JQ, П[l"IПLQПLJ1W[lЦGQ iJl:;q ru\J[1[1ПLLI t;L1 u2t;Q Qt;[l ЦlПULЛWJr\J ЦП[1[!. hl:;r1w JIJПUi1, rabLGQUl1 hwLIW[l

\Jl:;[lQ ruuririnLLI oьr1uwriцt;L [ЩП[l w\Jh[lWdG2LЛ Ui12ПQWГ1ПLLI\JG [l[! hwuwri: ГUUГf[lПLU t;L1 W[lGQ wut;\J h\JW[lWЦ.П[lQ, П[l W[lWq [1[lWЦWU WЦ.W[lLЛi1 hwu g\Jl:;Q WJU qn[lb[!:

ln accordance with law I

В соответствии с за-

request

коном я прошу (требую)

We would (should) Ье

Мы были бы весьма

lJl:;\JQ 2ШLЛ G[lWj\JlЛW

most grateful if you could confirm that

благодарны, если бы Вы могли nотвердить,

ЩW[llЛ Чltiut;tiuы. ьгаь "IПLQ

ЦW[lПJ1WUWJl1Q

ЧТО

hwuLЛWLЛGl, П[l

=\wuwow1\J orib\JQti t;u JIJUf1[lПLLI (щwhw\J2 nLLI) t;L1

PHRASES USED ТО EXPRESS REGRET,

APOLOGY, REFUSAL.

ФРАЗЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ СОЖАЛЕНИЕ,

ИЗВИНЕНИЯ И ОТКАЗ.

ГUUГf[lПLU t;u 2LЛWЩ ПL

J1W[lЦGQ

ut;q hwuw owJ\J iJl:;[l ЩWJUWUW qriti чgw\JцwuWJti tiuw\Jщ W[l[1JПQ tl\Jo tb i1Q W2WЧQ l1: lJl:;\JQ G[lWJIJLЛWЩW[llЛ чLti ub\JQ, ьгаь '"'lnLQ hWJLЛUGQ Ql:;[l П[lП2ПLUQ ц_t;[lwp.1:;[lJWL ГUUГf[lПLU l:;\JQ Qt;qutig n rin2 L[lWQПLQ11i LЛGJ1b ЦWLЛЦ.ПL\aJПL\J Llwuti\J: lJt;\JQ чJUuriribtl\JQ w щwhnч.t;L Llt;q bu 2WLЛ G[lWj\JLЛW ЩW[llЛ чLtiuьti. ьгаь '"'lnLQ ПLJ1W[lЦGl1Q ti\Jo ЩWJUW \Jwq[l!1 6 - [lГ1 цt;LЛti hw LlwowJ\J

�--�-- _______________ _249_

uФunuuve, vtrntu . �ructurntu ursu�uasn'1 Pun.uчu"'luчsnt1aa11tvvtr We very much regret to

С большим сожалением

lJl:;b gw4n4 hwJLЛ\JnLLI

say (inform you) that

сообщаем Вам что

t;LI Qt;q, П[l

1 regret that it has not

Сожалею, что не было

Swц_nLLI t;u, nri huwriw

been possiЫe to

возможности

1 am awfully sorry not to

Я очень сожалею. что

have replied to

ч.nrinLraJПLU iti GJ1Gl CwLЛ t;L1 gwц_nLLI, nri iW

не ответил на

щwLЛwuJUwut;l

Please forgive me for my

Прошу извинить меня

°IWJQПLU t;L1 Qt;[l UG[lП

late reply

за запоздалый ответ

tiu

J1WULЛПL\aJПLUQ !1U ПL2W

gwb ЩWLЛWUJIJWU!1 W1'111\аПЦ.:

We apologize for

Приносим свои извене

"IWJQПLU l:;\JQ Qt;ri ut;rin

ния за

f1WULЛПL\aJПLUQ

wr1ti

ran4:

Unfor1unately,

К сожалению

То our deep regret,

К нашему глубокому со

Swц_nQ ... гunriwщt;u gwц_nLLI t;\JQ...

жалению 1 regret very much that 1

Я очень сожалею, что я

CwLЛ t;LI gwц_nLLI, nri ti

am not in а position

не в состоянии

ч.ti6wцti tW

caused trouЫe

sorry

have

(Я очень) Сожалею, что

3wц_ПLLI t;LI, П[l Qt;q WJГ1-

you so much

причинил Вам столько

QWU w\Jhw\JquLЛnLraJnL\J

беспокойства добств)

(неу

(w\JhwriuwrinLraJnL\J) t;u

ЩWLЛ6Wr1Gl:

Section_З j _Business_1:-_c1_nguagE!_

We must acknowledge

С сожалением мы дол

with regret that

жны признать. что

Please accept my apo

Примите,

logies for

мои извинения

Г\WUUlПl[aJПLUQ

11 is my great regret that 1

К моему великому со

funriwщt:;u gwL[nLLI t:.LI,

have to

жалению. я вынужден

nri uuirщl(wb t:;Lf

пожалуйста,

have

К сожалению, меня не

SwL[nQ, t:;u qnpo1Jwцw1J

было я был в деловой

hwur111щuw1J

Unfortunately.

tll

Lft:.ц-

поездке в

1 am very sorry to have

Я очень сожалею. что

1.Jt:;L t:;u 2wui t:;Lf gwL(nLLI. nri

caused you so much

причинил Вам столько

;;)t:;qWJГ1QWU 2WUl wu

trouЫe.

беспокойства.

hwuquUlПl[aJПLU

1 was very sorry to learn

Я с сожалением узнал

щwui6wr2t:.L.

t:;u 2WUl WЦlUПUWUQПL(

from your letter that

из Вашего письма, что

t:;Lf

UlCГ)CЦWQW ;;)t:;p 1.Jwuw ц!lg, nri

1 am sorry that I have по

Сожалею, что на сегод

Cwui t:;LJ gwL(nLLI, nri WJ

better

ня у меня нет для Вас

uori LWL( unrinL[aJПL1Jut::;ri

лучших новостей.

!ПLUCU ;;)t:;q hwuwri

news

for

you

today.

ч.wrut:.unLLI t:.Lf. nri

1 am afraid that

Боюсь, что

1 am sorry (1 regret) to

say (to inform) that

щаю, что

nri

1 regret to inform you

К сожалению, вынужден

SwL(nQ. uui!lщl[wb t:;Lf

that

сообщить Вам, что

;;)t:;q hwJuiLit:.L, пр

сожалением

сооб

PHRASES WHICH ARE COMMONLУ USED

REGARDING REFERENCE AND REPLY.

SwL[nL( щt:.ui12 t QUГ1ПL 1Jt:.1J12. nri 'IWJQПLU t:;Lf ;;)t:;p ut:.rin

been out оп business

SwL(nL( hwJui1JnLL1

t:;LI,

То my great regret I must

К моему великому со

fuП[li1U WЦlUПUWUQПЦ -

inform you that it has not

жалению, я должен из

hwJUlUПLLI t:;LJ ;;)t:;q, nri

been possiЫe for me

вестить Вас, что у меня

t:.u

не было возможности

tt:.LI ПL1Jt:.gt:;L

huwriwL(nrinLraJnL1J

Section 3 / Business Language

ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ПРИ ОТВЕТЕ

И ССЫЛКЕ НА ПИСЬМА.

\.JUUUчr- ")USUUlvU\.Jr- tч. �'1UU\.J ').t,")entu чr-run.ч.n'l ursu �uasntra-anttJ tJtr ln reply to your letter of Маrсh1О This is in reply to your enquiry of

В ответ на Ваше письмо от1О марта В ответ на Ваш запрос

Г' ЩWUlWU[UWU ;;)t:;p'

Lfwriuill 10-111.J wuwцll

щwuiwuruwu

;;)t:.ri

hwpgll

Replying to your kind

от В ответ на Ваше лю-

letter

безное письмо

Fu11her to our letter of

В дополнение к нашему

Г1WLl11l UWUWЦl1

Г' LГ1WQПLL11J UC[l UWUW

April 6

письму

ln conformity with your

В соответсрвии с Ва

request of

шей просьбой от

/ В продолже

ние нашего письма

ln accordance with your

В соответсрвии с Вашим

letter dated June 8

письмом от 8 июня

r ЩWUlWU[UWU ;;)t:;ri ur

ц!l/ Г' 2WflПLUWЦПL[aJПLU Lft:;p uwuwцr =\wuwoWJu ;;)t:;ri ruour1riwu121l =\wuw6WJU hnL1J!lull 8 ll ;;)t:;p 1.Jwuwцr

With further reference to

Повторно ссылаясь на

чрц!l1J

your letter of

Ваше письмо от

ЦWUlWflCLПL( ;;)t:;p UW·

1 refer to . your letter of

Отвечаю на Ваше пись

'1'\wuiwuruwunLLI t:;Lf Lfw

Мау18

мо от18 мая

Jllull 18-ll ;;)t:;p u wuw цru

wuqwLI

hГ)ПLLI

Lfwцru

Referring to your (our)

Ссылаясь на Ваше (на

=\Г)ПLU ЦWUlWflCLПЦ ;;)t:;ri

letter of

ше) письмо от

(Lft:.p) 1Jwuwцll1J

We are in receipt of your

Мы

letter of

письмо от

ln receipt of your letter of

4 June, we write

ПИСЬМО 4 ИЮНЯ МЫ

This is in reply (answer.

В ответ (ссылаясь) на

Г'

response) to your request

Вашу просьбу о

[UUГ11lWUQl1

about (concerning. regar ding)

получили ответ

Ваше

Ut:.1.JQ uuiwgt:;L t:.1.JQ ;;)t:;ri UWUWЦQ

на

Ваше

щwuiwuruwu hnLLill

ur 4 - ll ;;)t:;ri uwuwцll

ЩWUlWU[UWU

;;)t:;[l

Section 3 / Business Lan�uage

EXPRESSIONS USED

IN BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE.

4nro1.,u4u1., 1a'l1aU4Sntrcнщ1., ').t;IJ'}entu 4t-run.ч.n'l ursu =щвsnt1aiюt1.,1.,ьr

Would you Ье kind enough to let те know We would Ье very much oЫiged if you could inform us l'd Ье grateful if you could let те know and inform те what when Would you please let те know as soon as pos siЫe whether you would Ье willing to Would you please Ье kind enough to let us know how things stand with 1 wonder if you could give me some information about We hope that you will write to us concerning your interest in

Я был бы рад узнать nц,wtu Lntiut,ti t,uwuщ Будьте добры, сообщи Pw[lti ЬГ[ЬQ. tuuri[lnLLI те, пожалуйста ЬLI, hwJU1Ub[ Пожалуйста, сообщите, ГVUf1[1ПLU ЬL1 hWJU1UbQ, если ьrсь Не будете ли Вы так лю Pwrti bгtbQ hWJU1Ub[ безны сообщить мне t,u6 Мы будем очень при lJblJQ 2wui bflwtuuiw знательны. если Вы смо ЩW[lU1 цtiuьuы. ьrсь '1nLQ ЦW[lПflWUWQ hWJU1Ub[ жете известить нас Llbq Я был бы весьма блa bu zwui b11wtuuiw rодарен Вам, если бы щwrш1 LJtl'l\.JЬLI Qbq, Вы сообщили, что и 'fПLQ hWJU 1UbQ t,l.J6 когда b[lp Будьте добры, сообщи Pwrti bflbQ, П[lf>WU ЦW· те, как можно скорее, [lb[t, t W[lwq hWJU1Ubl, желаете ли Вы W[l11JП Q '1ПLQ gwl.Jцw UПLU Не будете ли Вы столь utirщtir (Ь2 ttiuti ubq любезны объяснить нам. pwgwuirbl, rcb tiulщb u bl.J qn[lOb[ll.J QUl<}WUПLLI как обстоят дела с... Хотелось бы знать, не чgwl.Jцwl.JwJ ti t,Llw\.Jщ, сможете ли Вы дать W[l!l)ПQ 'fПLQ ЦW [lПflWUW U1W[ t,Llo Llw мне информацию о uru U1bflbЦПLl<}JПLU: Мы надеемся, что Вы lJblJQ hПШПЦ bl.J Q, П[l

ьrиь

напишете нам относи тельно Ваших интере сов в ...

Business

1 wonder if lhere is апу chance thal you could supply us with

ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ

В ДЕЛОВОЙ ПЕРЕПИСКЕ.

1 would Ье glad to know Could you please tell те Please let те know if

Section 3

'fПLQ iJbq ЦQ[lbQ Qb[l hb U1WQ [lQ[lП Ll<}JП LUUb [1j1 Llwuru:

1 am wriling lo ask whelher you might Ье interested 1n buying We should Ье grateful 1f you would let us know whether you аге still 1nte rested 1n ls there anything that сап Ье done about th1s? 11 is impor1ant 10 us 10 rece1ve information оп how our products аге received in trade.

Хотелось бы знать. ес ли ли у Вас хоть какая нибудь возможность снабдить нас ... Пишу для того. чтобы спросить, может пи Вас заинтересовать покупка" Будем признательны. если Вы сообщите нам, заинтересованы пи Вы по прежнему в Можно ли что - нибудь предпринять по этому поводу? Для нас важно полу чить информацию о том. как наша продук ция встречена рынком.

Does lhe idea appeal you? 1 should Ье grateful if you would send me Ьу return your catalogue and price - list of

Привлекает пи Вас эта идея? Был бы признателен, если бы Вы прислали мне с обратной почтой Ваш каталог и прейскурант...

Please send us ап offer quoting your best terms and discounts for cash payment.

Просим выслать нам предложение, назначив наиболее выгодные ус ловия и скидку за пла теж наличными. Ссыпаясь на Ваше объявление в.... я был бы рад получить .. .

With reference to your adver1isement in should Ье pleased to receive

чgwl.Jliwl.JWJti tiuwlJwt W[ll)JПQ

'fПLQ ПLUbQ

П[ll.lt hl.JW[lWЦП[lПLГ,,JПLU UWU1WЦW[lW[1b[ПL ... qrnLu w. nrщьL1qr hwrguЬLI. rсь ш11111п2 Qbq LjhbtЛWQflQ[lt, qlJПL· LIQ: bf1WtuU1WЩWf1U1 Ц[j1lJbl.JQ. br,,b '1nLQ Llbq ° hWJU1UbQ, wr111n Q hb U1WQf1Q[lLjwb bQ Wf'1Wr· Ljw щЬu ЧW[lb[t, t W[lf1JП Q П fll.lt pwlJ obr1l.Jw[llJbl WJl1 w r1t,r,,n 4: lJbq hшuwr цшriu.nr t UlЛШUШ[ U1bflbЦПLf<,JПlU, r,tb Llb[l W[1tЛW11f1WUQU f1Ut щЬu t QU11ПLUЦ Ь[ 2ПL ЦШJПLU: ibU1WQ[lQf1ПL°U t Qbq

ШJU Ut,U1QQ:

lJLh·

Ь[1ШГUU1ШЩШf1lЛ

lJbt,, t;rub '1nLQ ПLflW[lЦb hf> tiuo hwцw11w116 hwu gbnt.f Qbr... ЦШlЛШ[ПЩ:! l.t q\.Jwgщgwцo цшuiw lnquwgnLgwцo: h.J\.Ji1f1ПLU blJQ ПLflШ[lЦb[ Llbq шr1шrш11ц, uzbtnч цшututi 2wч1SwrФ qbfl· tbfl ti zwhwцbtЛ щwJ Llwuubr iЬl.JЦЬ[ПЦ Qbfl hWJlЛШ· [lW[lПLl<}JWU L\[lW'bu ПL [lW[U Чlhl.Jbh UlЛWUW[

•• I Տection 3 6 8usiness Language

-·

Տectioի3_ 6 8usiness LanguaիE:_

Bae AaTb oTBeT C o6paT-

LljWlJlWU[UWUGl hwl.jw-

questions

4eeKL!le BOnpoebl OTHO-

LJt:;1..lg mriwru ULti1..lt:;u12 LljWlJlwuruwl.Jt:;l gwl.Jl.jwgwb lilGrtJLilll.jwlJ hw[lgt:;-

H0111 n04T0\/1 ..

l"\Wll6 hwugt:;rn.[

riti ... ti L(G[lWJ}GflJWl C\munL.[ t:;L.l. nri wut:;1.J t,1.Jl

You may be assured that

YW[lnt1 t:;g hwL.lnqL.[wo

CL!ITenbHO 71 HaAelOCb, Bee L!IA8T

Mo)KeTe 6b1Tb yBepeHbl.

on the I hope that all 1s going

I will make

Lti1.Jt:;L, nfl t:;u Ljbt:;riuw[l-

well with I hope that

xopowo c rl HaAelOCb. y Bae see

LWL.[ t [lU[<}WUnLU ... ht:;lJl

4TO

xopowo rl HaAelOCb, Bbl He 6y-

WUGU t,1.Jz lLUL( t .. C\munL.[ t:;u' '1mg rit:;L.l it:;Q

AeTe B03pa)KaTb

LtilJ 11- · Ut:;l.Jg hmunL.[ t:;l.Jg,

As the matter is urgent

nocKonbKY Bonpoe 6e3-

QLUl.Jt, ilfl hw[lg[l 2lflWLlj

will you please let us

oTnaraTeneH.

have a reply by return

npocVIM

npeAnpVIMY Bee

We shall do our best to

CAenaeM Mb1 B03M0)KHOe. 4T06bl

Please rest assured that

5yAbTe yBepeHbl, 4TO

::;;>t:;q

ruu1wnu.J

t:;l.JQ

Ljt:;L.l LJt:;1.JQ UWUGUQ hLiW[lWL(ilfl wL.lt:;1.J t,1.J1. n[lLljGuqt, ..

C\wL.lnqL.[wb t:;11t:;Q. n[l t:;u

I will do my best to bring

CAenalO BCe B03MO)KHOe.

l.jwut:;L.l huw[lwL.[n[l

this matter to a satis-

4T06bl AOBeeTL!I 3TO Aeno

L.lt:;1..1 t,1..11 w1u qn[lO[l pw-

factory conclusion.

AO yenewHero 3aBepwe-

flGhw2n11

If you need something

H1'1~. Een1-1

hWUWfl b[<}t:; ::;;>t:;q ttti t,u1-nfl pwl.J

else, please let me know.

HLil6YAb e1J..1e. no)Kany111-

BaM HY)KHO 4TO

t wuh[lUidG2lJl

Please do not hesitate to

He eTeeH~\/1Teeb, no)Ka-

ful.Jf"\flnLL.l t:;L.l L.lt, L.[wriw-

let us know 1f you require

ny111eTa,

ecnVI

1.Jt:;Q WUGL, [<}G W[ll"\JnQ

any other information.

Mb\ MO)KeM 6b!Tb none3-

UGUQ UW[lnf\ GUQ OqlJlW-

Hbl Bae YeM - HV16YAb

l.jWfl Ll11..it:;L ::;;>t:;q llLit-nfl pwl.JnL.[

Please let me know if you

Coo61J..1V1Te, no)Kany111eTa,

fuLif"\flnLU t:;L.l, hWJlJllJGQ,

require any further infor-

ecn1-1 BaM noTpe6yeTe~

[<}G Wflf"\JilQ ::;)t:;q hw[ll.jW-

mation or assistance.

AanbHe111wa~ 1'1HeflOpMa-

L.[n[l t LflW9nL9tlt lJlGf\G-

L.1Lil~ 1-1n1-1 noMOIJ..lb.

l.jwlilL.[nL[<}JnLLi LjwL.l oq1.Jm[<}JnLlJ:

arise,

any please

questions do

not

hesitate to contact us.

We trust your kind attention on the matter.

An~ Mbl paCC4L!ITblBaeM Ha Bawe SHVIMaHVle Ks~

I hope to have further news for you before too

npocy. rl HaAelOCb, 4TO 6YAY 1'1MeTb HOSOCT1'1 An~ Bae

long. I do hope

I am not putting you to too much trouble if I sincerely hope you will be able to help me in this matter. We

1.Jt:;Q rit,Llt:;L L.lt:;q:

receiving

ny111eTa, He CTeeH~\/1Teeb

further details, we would,

A3nbHeil1WL!le

noAp06-

UWUflWUWUUnL[<}JllLLiUG[l

of course, be happy to

HOeT1'1,

pa3yMeeTe~.

t:;1..1 wuh[lWdG2lfl, t:;u, [1-

supply this upon request

6yAY e4aern1-1B CHa6A1'1Tb

hw[ll.jG, mriwru l.JLtiut:;u

BaeL!IM1'1.

lJlflWUWf"\flGL ::;;>t:;q

look

forward your

further

::;;>t:;q

AOSOnbHO CKOpO.

rJ HaAelOCb, 4TO He AOCTasnlO BaM MHOro xnonoT, ecnVI rJ 1'1CKpeHe HaAelOCb, 4TO Bbl CMO)f(eTe nOM04b

hw[lg[l

uwridwl.Jwl.Jw

::;)t:;11 lll2Wf"\flnL[ctJWU[l: t;u hmunL.[ t:;Lf. n[l ;;)t:;q hwLfw[l 1.Jn[lm[<}JmlJut:;11 l.jm1.Jt:;1.Jwu pwL.[wl.jwlJ 2mLn: bu hmunL.[ t:;u, nri ::;;>t:;q 2wLn wl.Jhwl.JqulJlnL[<}JnLlJ tt:;Ll LljWlJ16writi, G[<}G bu wul.jt:;11on11t:;u hmJu ml.Jt:;u, nri '1m12 l.jl.jw11n-

Mb1 paccYV1Tb1BaeM no-

[<}JWup

SCKOpe

BawVI

cooperating with you on

TPYAH1'14eCTSO c BaM1'1 B

3TOM HOBOM npe,[\npVl-

this new venture.

'1mg ::;;>t:;ri pnlllll 2wlJQGfl[l Ljl.Jt:;[ll"\UGQ ... 11 hWUWfl Ut:;1.Jg L.[ulJlwh t:;l.Jg. nri

ny41'1Tb

71 paCC41'1TblSalO Ha co-

forward

pt:;[lJWL Ut:;l.Jg ULljWUnLU t:;l.Jg. ll[l

riwuw12

look

n[l

'1mg ririwl.jwl.J nrin2mu Ljl.jWJWgl.Jt:;Q.. ti L.[G[lW-

oql.J t:;l ti l.Jb Ut:;l.JQ wl.Jhwupt:;rim-

H1'1~.

ht:;lJlwqw

'\mumt t:;u. nri ::;.it:;q unlfl

MHe S 3TOM Aene.

AanbHe111wV1e npeAnO)f(e-

proposals soon. b[<}t:;

require

every effort to

rtJUf"\[lnLU GU, L.lt, L(W[lW-

EenVI BaM Heo6xoAVIMbl

you

We expect you to use

OTHOCL!ITenbHO

Mb1 nonaraeM. 4TO Bbl npL!lnO)f(L!ITe see ycV1nV1~

you will come to positive decision on

n1-160

6paT1'1Tbe~ K HaM. Should

We hope very much that

b[<}t:; nriu.t hWfl9 bwqt,,

no)Ka-

are

Mb! 6yAeM paAbl OTBeT1'1Tb Ha n106b1e TeXHL!l-

Mbl 04eHb HaAeeMC~. 4TO Bb1 npL!IAeTe K nono)f(L!ITenbHOMY peweHVIIO

EcnLil B03H1'1KHyT KaKL!le sonpoeb1,

you

keeping well I hope you will not mind

rtJ[lUl"\-

flnLU t:;L.l. hwJlI11.Jt:;g:

Should

glad to technical

wL.[WfllilGLnL

ern, eoo61J..11-1Te. eKa3aTb,

We will be answer any

mL!ՄL!Մ.

WJI"\

qn[lOnLU

uLljwumu t:;u 12 ::;;>t:;11 ht:;Lnwqw wr1w2wril.jm[<}Jml.J\.Jt:;11ti\.J: bu wl.JhwL.fpt:;rim[<}JWLlp uLljwumu t:;u ::;;,t:;q ht:;Ln hwuwqn11bwl.jgm[<}JW\.JQ'w1u unri bt:;r1uw11Ljm[<}Jml.Jmu:

Տection 3_._ իus_i.!:'ess _L.Մn_g_ՄJ_իիի _____________________________

իectiիՄՄ3 6 8usinesի':_anguage __ With

PAՕՕEէNS DEALING WIՕH AՕՕENՕION AND

CONSIDEէAՕION. ՕHE CLOSING AէAGէAPH.

wishes

(re-

gards)

CՐՐ61..LtEHl.1SI, l.13BEL.LtEHl.1SI, Ր6PAL.LtEHl.1E

BHl.1MAHl.1SI. OKAHYAHl.1E ոl.1CbMA.

ntՄU'lrntraann.Աc 0կ. tԱrPUlԱltUՏntfa8UlԱՄ 'ՈltrUPtrn'l. orիlԱUltlԱtr. lԱUUULtի 'Ոltr9UPUlԱՄ Please note/ Kindly note

best

h.Jurirnu.I 1::ilJQ m2wrirm-

npornM rno6e3HO o6pa-

'lndw[l 41::i[llljn4 [UQUr\-

TL,1Tb BHL,1MaH1,1e

[lnLLJ CUQ nL2Wr\flnL[aJ mu

[aJnLU r)W[lOUl::iL

np1,1M1,1Te, no>Kanyviera.

Please pay attention to

no>Kanyviera,

o6parnre

BHL,1MaH1,1e Ha

Lw4wqmJlJ

uw11rawu12-

ubr,n4.

Please give(convey, ex-

no>Kanyviera, nepeAavire

fuurir,mu bu, L/lnruwu-

MO~

gbQ rill ur,Lnwqriu n11-

send)

best

cepAeYHblVI

np1,1-

regards to

BeT

2mJlJQ

My best wishes to

Mov1 Ha1,1nyyw1,1e no>Ke-

ru llll4WC+nLJU

[aWUQUG[lQ

naH1,15i

06pan-ne, no>Kanyviera. BHL,1MaH1,1e

eBeAeHL,1K), YTO

C Ha1,1nyyw1,1M1,1 no>KenaHL,1>1M1,1

tend,

uwri-

With compliments

C np1,1seroM

Meanwhile I remain,

TeM speMeHeM oeraKJeb

n112mJlJlJbr,n4 Uriwdwt.IwlJwW t.Ii.Jmt.I t:.t.I...

I remain,

0eTaKJeb

Uumu t:;u

We trust you will

Mbl paeCYL,1TblBaeM (Ha-

Ubup w4u4WLnLU CUQ.

r\WfloUbL Please be advised that

________________ 157

AeeMe5l), YTO Bb1

nr, '1mQ ...

h.JUl)[lnLLf CUQ ri u4wLnri

We look forward to the

C HerepneH1,1eM >KAeM

mublJWL, n[l

pleasure of meeting (wel-

scrpey1,1/ ornera/ 1,1 T. A-

h.Jurirnu.I blJQ m2w11rm-

coming, hearing, etc. )

UlJhwt.Ipt.r,mra1wt.Ip UU-1Wumt.I GUf' hwuririU-1t.IwLJ/U-1WU1wutհwLJri/ u WJLU:

re,JmlJ r\WflOUCL

We look forward to se-

Mbl paee41,1TblBaeM

UtlJQ

eing (meeting, hearing.

BeTpe4y, pa3rosop 1,1 T. A

riu

w4u4wLmll

tilJQ

I would like to bnng to

71 6bl XOTen npeAeTa-

t;u

your attention

Bl,1Tb HL,1K)

BaweMy

nL2Wr\flnL[ctJWUQ UC[l4W-

etc.)

JWQUCL

We would advise

Mb1 HaMepesaeMe5l

UblJQ uLnwr\riil blJQ

XoYy

(no3sonbre)

We intend to

Mb XOTL,1M C006LJ..11,1Tb

UblJQ gwuwwumu blJQ

Be advised that

np11M1,1re. no>Kanyviera.

I wish to draw (call) your attention to

BHL,1Ma06-

4gwu4wlJwJri

Qb[l

Swu4wunuJ

parnTb Bawe sH1,1MaH1,1e

Lnl\bQ)

m2wrirm-

fctJnLUQ hflwL!rir1t:.L

We request your con-

Mbl

npoe1,1M

Qcr

(ramJL

paeeMOT-

UblJQ ruurirmu blJQ 4b-

sideration of

peTb

flWUWJCL

You will oblige us if you

Bb1 Hae o65l>Kere, ecn1,1

'1m12 ubq 4LljWflLnw4n-

will give (would, could)

YAen1,1re sH1,1MaH1,1e

flbgub12, crab m2w11rm-

your consideration to

(hwuririlljuwl.J gmraJwlJ

r,Jnuw4-

u WJLU

)

hWJLnUCL

Let me inform you that

h.Jurir,mu cu12 ri u4wLnri

eBe[\eHL,1Kl, 4TO

mubuwl. nr,

noisonbTe

roma

eoo6LJ..11,1Tb,

Lnl\CQ

hWJLnUCl,

nr,

4TC

I have the pleasure of

71 ~MeKJ YAOBOnbern1,1e

t;u

umu bu Qt:;q, nr,

hw6mJ12n4

hWJLn-

UmJlJn4

LnbrtbWwgunuJ 4w4t.r,wgumt.I

raJmlJ r\WflOUCQ

informing you that

coc6LJ..11,1Tb BaM, 4TO

I should like very much to

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Տection 3 6 8usiness Language

As you know from pre-

KaK Bb1 3HaeTe v13 npeA-

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BUSINESS LEԼՄERՏ.

For reasons of space, 1nforrnc.:1on such as addresses and dates is not

lihg

set out at the top of the letters 11 this section The correct layout of a

I would like to inform you

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that our firm 1s intending

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Letter 1

96 Եosewall Ome. Southtown. S03 4BT tel:0927 - 423845 telex 693664

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Your ref: Inq. B7693 Our ref: AE/6 77

Mr. P. Baker Purchasing Manager Softchain Ltd Foss House Brigham Street Liverpool L13 4AT 10 April 2000 հear Mr. Baker

Thank you for your letter of 5 April 2000 in which you asked details of our range of business applications programs. Because of the low prrce of our software we do not normally offer a quantity discount; however, if you can give me an indication of the quantity involved, I would be happy to discuss terms further with you. Normally, we would be happy to offer you a 20 p. c. trade discount off net list prices, as requested in your letter, and to accept your terms of payment. I am enclosing a copy of our most recent catalogue which gives details of our product range, together with list prices. I hope that the information wtll be of interest to you, and look forward to discussing orders in the near future. Yours sincerely Alice Evernett Marketing Manager

Encl. Com pact catalogue, trade price list

իJ

Տection 3 6 8usiness Letters

Տection -3- -6 -8usiness Letters

Մorrespondence pertaining to adոertising

----· -----

YoL :ertainly know that we duly informed you about the breakdown of the ger ·ator. Your representatives, however, arrived at the plant after a big del2. as a result of which the generator was put into operation only two

հear Sirs

In your letter of 23 January, this year, you offered us your services in placing our clients' advertisements 1n magazines published in France. Our clients welcome the opportunity and should be glad to have full information about the magazines in which you intend to place their advertisements. In particular they want to know the readership, circulation and one - time advertising rates. A prompt reply will be appreciated. Yours faithfully.

mo·'.ns after its breakdown. Mor:Jver we are surprised at your refusal to compensate us fully for the loss's caused by the idle time of the generator. Unc:r our contract the Customer has the right to make a claim if the eqL Jment fails due to the above reasons. Tak ,g into account the above, we would like to resume our talks and to fina ze the date of the expiration of the guarantee period and to solve the mater of full compensation of our losses.

Մorrespondence on Մnsurance

You-s faithfully.

հear Sirs

Մorrespondence on proոision of medical serոices

We have received your letter of March 3, this year, in which you ask us to change the terms of insurance of equipment, suggested by us in the draft contract for the delivery of equipment for the machine building plant. You suggest that the contract should provide insurance of the equipment against risks.

հear Sirs In 1our letter of 15 July, this year, you write that our obligations as Contractor shall include provision of all personnel on the construction site with medical services. In view of this we would like to clear the matter up as follows. We are prepared to provide all personnel on the construction site, including local labor, with first aid. For this we shall arrange a first - aid dispensary at the construction site staffed with the required personnel and

We draw your attention to the fact that Ingosstrakh does not insure equipment delivered to ports against . risks. We know that insurance against risks can be done with the London Insurance Company. As to insurance against other risks they are indemnified depending on the terms of an insurance contract. We are ready to discuss once again the terms of insurance.

equipped with modern facilities. As to the medical treatment of specialists and their dependents we believe that all expenses, including the cost of medicines and hospitalization expenses should be borne by the Customer. Please note that if a specialist is ill for more than 60 days we shall arrange

Yours faithfully.

for replacement. We look forward to your letter confirming these points.

Մorrespondence relating to guarantees and elimination of defects հear Sirs

Yours faithfully.

We l1dve received your letter of 20 հecember, this year, and are puzzled by your decision to prolong for only one month the guarantee period for the generator which broke down owing to manufacturing defects. In view of this we would like to draw your attention to ClauseՃ of our contract providing for the prolongation of the guarantee period, if the equipment breaks down owing to the defects of manufacturing plant for the period during which the equipment stood idle.

Մorrespondence on doing business through agents հear Sirs In reply to your cable of հecember 18, this year, we are offering apologies for the delay in sending a reply to your letter of November 20, this year, with your հraft Agency agreement enclosed.

8l:'.·

Տection 3 6 8usiness Letters

We have carefully studied the հraft and are sorry to have to tell you that we are unable to accept some of the articles as they are worded 1n the present draft.

DՄALՕGUEՏ ՕN 8UՏՄNEՏՏ

Read the conոersationsԱ and աrite doաn the problems and their solutions. Role play your oաn situations.

Will you please note that we would like your obligations to include not only obtaining orders for us and providing assistance in arranging our participation in tenders invited in your country; we also would like you to keep us informed of your country's market condition and run a wide publicity campaign of our equipment.

Տummarize the contents of the dialogues.

Getting and Giոing Մnformation In this conversation a customer. Mr. Եusconi and a suppler. fllr Garcia, are talking on the phone

As regards payments of commission to you we would emphasize that we usually do that only after we have received payments from the Customers and in the currency of these payments only. We also think it necessary for you to include an article providing that the present Agency agreement does not cover design works, sales of equipment in your country under the or rendering technical assistance Intergovernmental agreements now in force between your country and ours. We trust the above suggestions and alterations will be found acceptable.

Rusconi:

Jupiter Products. Tony Եusconi speaking.

Garcia:

Hello. this is Al Garcia

Rusconi:

Hello, Mr. Garcia. How are youՃ

Garcia:

Fine, thanks, I'm phoning about our dslivery next weak.

Rusconi:

Ah yes. good. I was Just about to cal1 you Could you tell me when we can expect the consign'Ylent to arrive in our

Yours faithfully.

warehouseՃ Garcia:

Yes, as far as I know, the trucks shocld arrive late. Thursday or early Friday, it depends on traffic 2nd weather. What time will you accept deliveriesՃ

Rusconi:

The latest time we can start unloadir; is 4 p. m. , but we can start as early as 7. 30 am. Could ycJ tell me whose trucks are delivering the goodsՃ

Garcia:

Yes, certainly. Two of them will be cJrs, and the others are on hire from Alpha Transport.

Rusconi:

Let me just make a note of it. Can ycJ tell me how you spell AlphaՃ

Garcia: Rusconi:

Yes, of course. It's A - L - P - H - A. Fine. And I'd like also to know he .1 many trucks will be coming.

Garcia:

There will be five altogether

Rusconi:

Can you tell me if they will arrive on··Ճ same day'Ճ

Garcia:

I"m not entirely sure. but as two will :.. i setting off hnlf a day early, they should arrive on Thursc", The other tt1ree will

_.......

Տection 3 J_l:>jիիիues on 8usiիs5.__

Տection_36 _DialoguesիrԱ !!_usiness

Մustomer:

Եight. thanks.

Assistant:

I'm very sorry but we haven't got another box 1n stock

Yes, each truck will take about an hour. I think you should

Մustomer:

Oh nol

know that we can't unload more than two trucks at a time

Assistant:

Yeah. I'm sorry about that. If you like. I'll Just call our other

me what will happe11 if one of trucks arrives later and can't

Մustomer:

Oh no. don't bother. I'd prefer refund.

be unloaded on Friday. հo you know if it can be unloaded on SaturdayՃ

Assistant:

Of course. That's $11. 95. Here you are. Sorry about that.

Մustomer:

Oh, that's all right. thanks anyway. Bye

Assistant:

Bye.

arrive towards midday Friday Could you let me know how long it will take to unioad each truckՃ Rusconi: Garcia:

Rusconi:

I see, thanks for letting me know that. I wonder if you can tell

branch to see if they have any.

I'm afraid I don't k:iow it might have to wait till Monday. You'd have to ask our warehouse manager about that

Garcia:

Could you just remird me what his name is againՃ

Rusconi:

Yes. of course He's Mr. Ferrari.

Garcia:

Ah, and can you tell me his numberՃ

Rusconi:

Yes, it's 3459800 ex:ensions 71.

Garcia:

Good. Thank you very much. It's nice to talk to you.

Mr. Տouth:

I'm sorry to bother you, Mrs. West.

Mrs. West:

Yes, Mr. SouthՃ

Mr. Տouth: Mrs. West:

Bye now, Mr. Garcia

Yes, that's right. yes, I did send in the order. on Friday afternoon.

Mr. Տouth:

Մomplaints and Apologies English can sound rude or aggressiոe to an English Ո speaker. Մt

Mrs. West:

may be best to mention the problem more indirectly by saying:

Oh dearl Jeez. I'm sorry. I didn't realize the eastern region had to be done too.

I'm sorry to have to say this but I'm sorry to bother you but I think you may have forgotten It may have slipped your mirj but

Well, the thing is. did you realize there were two separate ordersՃ One for northern region and another for eastern regionՃ

Մt is important to realize that a direct complaint or criticism in

, etc.

Մustomer:

It may have slipped your mind. but you told me last week that you'd send in the orders to Compass International.

Goodbye. Rusconi:

Mr. Տouth:

Oh, it really doesn't matter, there's still just time.

Mrs. West:

Well, I'll phone Compass and explain, shall IՃ

Mr. Տouth:

No, I think it'd be best to send the order by telex, don t youՃ

Mrs. West:

Yeah, Yeah, all right. I'll do that right away. Sorry againl

Mr. Տouth:

Oh, that's all right.

Good morning. I taught this box of computer paper last

III

week but it's not the right size - it should be A4. Assistant:

Oh, sorry about tha·. It says A4 on the box.

Mr. Joiner:

Good morning. Carpenter and sons, can I help youՃ

Մustomer:

Oh. yes I know, but 1f you look inside you'll see it's a smaller

Miss 8roաn:

Hello, this is Miss Brown of Schreiner International

Mr. Joiner:

Hello, Miss Brown. This is Ted Joiner. What can I do for

size. Assistant:

Oh yeah, so it is. l'r1 .'ery sorry I'll get you another box.

_.........

Տection 3 6_Dialo9ueson 8usiness

_____ Տection 3 6 Dialogues on 8usine_s_s

the problem is that the color negatives were missing

youՃ Miss 8roաn:

Well. I think there may have been some misunder-

Miss. Մastle:

Are you sureՃ

standing about our last order

Mr. Wong:

Yes. we only got the black and white ones.

Mr. Joiner:

Oh dear. what seems to be the problemՃ

Miss. Մastle:

Oh dear. I've Just been through my out - tray and I've

Miss 8roաn:

We've Just started unloading the truck and the quality of

found them here' I'm very sorry it's my fault. I'll send

the goods doesn't appear to be Class A 1. which is what

them courier at once.

we ordered. Mr. Joiner:

Mr. Wong:

Oh dear. I'm very sorry Let me Just check this on the computer. oh dear. yes. I'm afraid there has been a slip -

him and he can bring them back. Miss. Մastle:

up in our shipping department. I'm sorry. it's certainly our fault. What would you like us to do about itՃ Miss 8roաn:

Mr. Wong:

order of ours. if you will charge us 20% less for the load That sounds fair enough. Let me Just check the stock position. Yes. we can ship tomorrow morning, if that's all rightՃ Miss 8roաn:

Oh yes. that will be fine.

Mr. Joiner:

That's quite all right. Goodbye.

Iս Լelephonist:

Good afternoon. Windsor Products.

Mr. Wong:

May I speak with Tina Castle in marketing. pleaseՃ

Լelephonist:

Tina Castle, certainly. One moment, please.

Miss. Մastle:

Tina Castle.

Mr. Wong:

Hello, this is Henry Wong of Arrow Print.

Miss. Մastle:

Hi, Mr. Wong. What can I do for youՃ

Mr. Wong:

It's about the order for your new packaging. I think you may have forgotten to send us the colour negatives.

Miss. Մastle:

I sent the complete set of negatives by airmail on the 14 1'

Mr. Wong:

;

Եight. I'll make sure he gets them. I'm sorry this happened.

Well. we can keep the goods and use them for another and ship us a load of Class A 1 right away.

Mr. Joiner:

No, no. that's not necessary. My assistant, Mr Patel is coming to your office tomorrow. so you can give them to

I remember packing them up myself. They should

have arrived by now. Yes, well we did get a package from you on the 18n ; but

It's perfectly all right, Miss. Castle. Goodbye.

Տection կ 6 Glossary ----------- -------------· · - · -

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viour 11 L.jW/lQ. 4w11gwqr,o nose.t:1eH1t1e

ansաer

l.l.lWLJlWUtհwlJ OTBeT \' l.l.lLU-

arrangement

LJlWUtuw\JbL OTBeYaTb appeal

hWJLJl\JL.jbL. u-1wr,qL!bL, fc)L\WL

nmrnns:nbcH. noKa3b1BaTbCH: Ka3aTbCH application

l)flUnLU

lJfl[lWrlnLfc)JnLU.

tu\Jl)[lWLJQ,

qnr,owrir,mu 3a,is-

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KaH,[11!1,[laT. npeTeH,[leHT apply , rihLlbL: lJhr,wribL, qnr,bwl)[ltL

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u2w\JwlJbL

(l.l.lW2LJln\Jh)

Ha3HaYaTb (Ha llOCT, ,[\On)!(HOCTb) appreciate

1·

approach

LlnLJ1bgmLI

no,[IXOA

LlnLJ1bliwL no.t:1xo.t:11t1Tb appropriate

hW/lUW[l C00TB8TCTBYIOLU1t1i1, llO,[IXO,[l>lLU1t1i1, a,[leKBaTHbli1 area

belong

LllWJ Llw\Jw L\ npl\ bL ycnosn1t1BaTbCH II hn114wo. wriwplJw cTaTb>l,

aոerages

Lll w lJl /l w u lJl m-

article

npe.t:1MeT as w/1 flUtLJ-1bU. nr,l.l.lt:;u KaK. B KaYec-

assets

u2w\JwlJbL

argue

1·

arise (arose. arisen)

1·

betաeen prep, wh Llh2LL Me)!(,ll,y

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beyond /lff/' 4bp. WJU lJnrtLIQ Bbwe.

Kal\1t1H

billboard

balance

hwJ LJlWflWflnLfclJ ml.Jl.Jbpr, LilWflJ LilwlJ aMep1t1K. peKnaMHb10 Ll\lt1T, ac:p1,1wa

ac-

ur,),

u2wuwlJmLI (LLIW2LJln-

hwlillJwgmLI Ha3HaYeH1t1e (Ha

assist

banknote

CO,[lei1CTBOBaTb II

assume

oqumfc)JnLU. w2wlJgm-

oquwlJwu, 4w6wrinri no-

L11t1s:l, OTHOLL\8Hlt18

around!'"'!' 2mr,2Q. pnlnr,Q; wubpr,lJ.

attribute

LlnLJ1LU4n[lWl..l.lbU BOKpyr, 3a, OKOno:

cyLUeCTBeHHOe CB0i1CTB0, cyLUeCTBeH-

aMep1t1K. np1t16n1t131t1TenbH0(0Kono)

Has:i xapaKTepHas:i YepTa

Ljwr,lJwJh\J

WLllflWUQwL.jlntlJwuwlJm-

fclJnLl.J T0Bapoo6MeH \' L.jlnrut::.L, L.jlnbase

hr,LIQ, pwqw. hbl.lwlJblil oc-

H0BaH1t1e, 6a3a basic

hr,Lll.Jt:;l 0CH0Bb1BaTb

hr1Lfl.JwlJwl.J OCH0BH00

because cj nr,n4hbLJ1LL nornMy '-!TO.

hwlillJnLfclJnLU, hwLJ1lJwur,2

raK KaK

scne.t:1CTB1t1e

no ry crnpoHy, BHe

bit

-of LJ-1WLJ16wrin4 1,13-3a,

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qnL.jWQl)WQfl/l,

L.jlnQr, Llwu KycoYeK, He6onbwoe

KOnlt1'-!8CTBO a - Llh £ht 61t1T, HeMHOro board 11 L\WfltnLfc)JnLU, ULU[UW[lW[lnLfc)JnLU. r,i11rihmr,11 npasneH1t1e, M1t1H1t1crepcTB0. COBeT bond

ruwl.JwlJbL M8Hs:lTb, o6MeH1t1BaTb

l)fl[lQ. 4bpwpbr,Llm\JQ no31,1-

nHTbC>l

pw\JlJ\Jmn.

pbri\JwlilW[l Liwl\ rpy3osoe

barter

6s:i; .t:1onycKaTb; npe.t:1nonaraTb attitude

CYAHO (6ap)!(a)

uLJ1wuolJbL; b\JfclWl)[lt::.L 6paTb,

2wliwL, hWJLil\JL\bL B03H1t1KaTb, nos:is-

hwt.jwuwr,wlJ2rit::.L

Kpe.t:11t1THb1i1 61t1neT barge

(p\JnLJfc)) ULJlWUWl, QUl)nL-

1·

LJlnuu 6aHK0Bbli1 61t1neT. 6aHKHOTa,

fclJ mu noMOLL\b, no.t:1.t:1ep)!(Ka II

hw24t::.lJ2rrn, PWLWUU pas-

ypaBHOBeW1t1BaTb, 6anaHc1t1p0BaTb

oqLibL, w2wlJgbL noMoraTb,

HOB8C1t1e, 6anaHc

np1t1H1t1MaTb (xapaKTep), 6paTb Ha ceowqbl, wriw-

3y, Bblro,[ly. np1t1HOC1t1Tb nonb3Y LJ-1WLil[lWULJ1Ljwom-

nr,n2t::.L: hwLJ1l.jwglJbL Ha3HaYaTb (Ha

LibL,

L\h6bL cnop1t1Tb

LiwL, oqmlil pt:;pt:;L 1,13sneKaTb nonb-

noCT, ,[IOn)!(HOCTb), onpe.t:1enHTb

MOLL\Hlt1K, acC1t1CTeHT, npo,llaBel\

MeCTO .t:1ei1CTB1t1>l

oqmlJl. 2wh Bb1ro.t:1a, nonb-

background

assistant

wr,b\Jw. WUl..l.lW[lbq apeHa,

ULLjWULJl. lJbl.luwfc)n2wlJ

3a, 6naro ,. oqmlJl J2Wf1GL, 2wh ULJlW-

CYTb, CYLL\HOCTb

(LllW2LJlnur,).

noco61t1e, neHC1t110 benefit

hhLIQ. tmfc)JnLU OCHOBa,

beneficiary

ulJlwgnri Llwr,11 n1,1wo nonyYalOLUee

backbone

npoCTpaHCTBO, 30Ha, o6naCTb L.jltlJp.

aաare u predic qr,LilwlJgnri, r,r,wqblJ

wlJLilhL\\Jbr,. ur,2ng\Jbr, aKrn-

assign

np1t1Ha.t:1ne)!(aTb, OTHOClt1TbC>l beloա uc/1 lJt:;pgLLmLI. gwomu Hl,1)!(8

- of qr,LilwlJgbL C03HaBaTb

Bbl, cpe,[ICTBa

L.jbpwpbr,bL

!'"'!' LilWlJ, gwb 110,[I

oqlJlbl, LJlt::.UtWL CTpeMlt1TbC>l

aspire

nLn[llil nepeH. cc:pepa arena

nr,n4-

LJ-1WLill.jwlJt:;L,

.t:1eKCbl Kypcos

huLJ1LL KOr,[la. TaK KaK. llOTOMY '-!TO

assistance

LJlW[lWOnL[c)JnLU, qn\Jw, 2112w\J

lJmr,u (wr,dbfc)f'lfc)G[lfl) 1t1H-

C03HalOLU1t1i1, OCBe,[IOMneHHbli1 to be

noCT . .t:10n)!(HOCTb); acc1t1rH0BaH1t1e

hwLIWl..l.lWLilWUJUWU,

belieոe , lJwnbbL. hwl.jwu1wl npe.t:1-

Hb1i1; np1t1ro.t:1Hb1i1

assignment 1·

aոailable" wrilJw. UWLiltblh, l.l.lfllilW-

\Jr,. oqlilwlJwr, Han1t1YHb1i1, ,հ,OCTyn-

f'I

c1t1rH0BaTb

q\JwhwlilbL l\8Hlt1Tb

begin , (began. begun) ulJu(L.j)bL Ha-

Y1t1HaTb(rn)

fc)J m\J\Jbp np1,1rornsneH1t1H to make-s

no,[lroTOBKa

TBe pron. CJ br,p, gw\Jh nr,

nonb30BaH1t1e, ynoTpe6neH1t1e applicant

lJwnqw4npmu. \Jwtuw-

fl2jlJWUnLfc)JnLl.J. Lhwqnpm-

nonaraTb, sep1t1Tb

,[IOK.

np1t13b1B. npocb6a appear

authority

LJ-1WLil/lWULJlnLLI np1t1Be,[1eH1t1e B nop,i-

lJnt. tհ\Jripw\Jg 06paLUeH1t1e.

bonus

f'/ LJ-1WflLJ1WLJ1nuu 06n1t1ral\1t1H

rir,wLlwlJwl.l LJ-1W[lQLL npe-

Mlt1H, B03Harpa)!(,ll,eH1t1s:l border

borroա

uwhuwlJ rpaH1t1l\a (of.

from)

L.jlnr,i

wrilibL,

U.jW[llJlQ L\br,glibL 3aH1t1MaTb, 3alt1MCTB0BaTb both pron b11lJmul.J tL o6a bolh .and

LL 1t1

boundary

1t1 II

uwhuwl.J rpaH1t1L1a

Տection կ 6 Glossary

- - - - - - ----------

brief adj hW4hf"l6 KpaTK1,1Ci. C)K3Tb1Ci

career

bring ,· (brought) pt;rit;L npl.1HOCL-1Tb

cargo

broad " LWJU. QUT)Wf"l6W4 Wl.1pOKl.1Ci,

(cy,[IHO)

06wL.1pHb1Ci

carryԱ ljf"lbl, LllWUb[. Lj1n~wr1ribl HO-

broker 88 UW4[b["i, uh2l.Jnri11. 4nuhur1nut;ri 6poKep, nocpe,[1Hl.1K. KOMl.1CCl.10Hep

Cl.1Tb, B03l.1Tb

build , (built) 2hl.JbL, ljwrimgbL, uLJlbll.-

TOԵHl.1e

bt;L cTpol.1Tb, coopy)KaTb; co3,[laBaTb

L11nri.. 4wl.J~h4 11riwu .aeHbrl.1, ,[leHe)KHhle cpe,[ICTBa. Hanl.1YHOCTb,

building 11 2bl.JQ. 2rumra1ml.J. 4wrimgnLU 3,ll3Hl.1e, coopy)KeHl.1e ,1 ubb, ~n2nri. ubbwOWLjW[ 60flbLJJOCi. rpoM03,[IKl.1111. o6beMl.1CTbll/1

bulky

bUՏineՏՏ

qn["IO. qpWll.UnLLJQ. W2-

case cash

ljwrihbriw. Kapbepa

charter

(pl cargoes) pt;ri (l.Jw4h) rpy3

commitment

4W["IVlw4) .aapoBaTb (xaprnKJ, rpa-

L[nrimraJ mu coBepweHl.1e. o6Ե3aTenbcTBO

UVlnLQnLU npoBepKa ,. UVlnL-

Qb[ KOHTponl.1poBaTb, npoBepԵTb chief

Ql~W4nri.

hhul.Jwljw\J

rnaBHbll/1, OCHOBHOl/1 choice

ljwVlbqnrihw. 4Wf"IQ. T)WU

KaTeropl.1Ե, pa3pԵ,ll. Knacc II LJ.JWVl6wri npl.1Yl.1Ha , LJ.JWVl-

commodity

4WVlWf"lnLU. lJ.iWf"IVlW-

WU.jf"IWUJ2

npo.ayKT.

npe.aMeT nOTpe6neHl.1Ե attr WlJ.if"IW\JQWJll\J TOBapHblCi common

QUVlf"lnL[aJnLU, QUVlf"lnLU Bbl·

6op

QUr)hw\Jmri 06U1L.1Ci 1n -

QUT)hwumri.

l1hwuhl.J.

hWUWVlbll.

COBMeCTHO, C006U1a

choose

cause

\J4hri4wb qwri,wlj1wnhl.J

ycrnB , 21.Jnriht;l (~Wf"IVlhW. hrin-

check

Hanl.14Hb1e (AeHbrl.1)

committed

npe.aaHHbrCi l.1,llee

hrin4w["IV1w4. ~Wf"IVlhw:

4wl.Jn\Jw11rimraJmlJ rpaMoTa, xaprnԵ:

MOTY)

T)bwQ: T)f"lnL[aJnL\J cnyYaCi. coc-

MOLJJHOCTb,

B03MO)KHOCTb,

cnoco6-

4wqnl.J, w4V1nl1bQbl.Jw BaroH,

aBTOM06l.1nb

CBOIIICTBO

L1eHy

1· II

wril.LVlnLf"l

ToproBnԵ,

commission

punrin2,

LJ.JWVlwu~wl.JwV14nL[aJnLU

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb

COCTԵ·

urigwljgmraJm\J, UQ["l-

gnLU KOHKypeHUl.1Ե. copeBHOBaHl.1e <8

1frg1.uliQI.UJhlJ, Ul'JnL-

KOHKypeHTHblL1,

KOHKypl.1py-

Klll!l.1111 ii

urigwljhg KOHKypeHT, co-

nepHl.1K complete , Wl{Wf"IVlbL 3aBepwaTb u

wril.LV1["1w4wl.J,

wril.L-

4nl1hV1b,

hwl.J<'il.Jw-

4wLJ1Wf"IJWL, Lhf"l4,

snonHe,

COBCeM, L1enL.1KOM

KOMl.1CCl.10HHaԵ

3aBep-

completely (1(/i thn4h\J, wupnri,;m4hl.J

KOMl.1CCl.1Ե,

KOMl.1TeT,

wupnri.2

weHHb1111, nonHb1111

dnri,n4, ljnuruhnl.J 46wri (4w6wri12) nnarn (npo.aa)Ka)

Qhl.J U2WUWljb[ H83Ha48Tb

KOHKypl.1pOB3Tb,

competitiոe

competitor

Vlf"IWJhlJ TOproBblei, KOMMep4eCKl.1L1

VlhLJ.Jh4 rnnl.14Hb1111, xapaKTepHb1111 charge

HOCTb car

oco6eHHOCTb.

l1bVlW11.Wf1f"IWU, 11riwu, L/lnri.

commercial a

punrin2 qhb, wriwlJ<'i-

characteristic

l.JwhwVlljnL[aJnLU xapaKTepHaԵ 4epTa,

hWUbUWVlWljW\J, hW-

hWUbUWVlb[ Cp3BHl.1B3Tb

HOB8TbCԵ,

[aW JhU

KOMMepl\l.1Ե

xapaKTep,

4wl1LJ.jwl.Jhw KaMnaHl.1Ե

coin

qhb,

wriwlJ<'il.JwhwVlljnL[aJnLU

campaign

rpa)K,[laHl.1H,

complex

nonHOCTbKJ,

cosepweHHO,

ljnULJ.j[GJ2U Cl.1CTeMa, KOM-

commit ,. hw\J<'iuwriwribl, 4wV1wf"lbL

nneKc u pwri11, pwf1.Wf1f"IJWl, ~664wb

nopy4aTb, coBepwaTb

cnO)KHblCi, CMeWaHHblCi, 3anyTaHHblL1

իection կ6 Glossary

Տection կ 6 Glossary corporation

hwLfwribL, LjwribbL, hwzLjr

comprise , [l_Ul)q[lljt;L, UjW[lllLUWUGL

consider

BKnlOYaTb. COtiep)KaTb. 3aKnlOYaTb B

Wl1UG[.

Q\J\JwriubL

CYl/1TaTb.

Ljnriu.inriwgtiw. [1_\Jljt;-

l'llllfaJ m\J Kopnopa1.1111,i. 06beA111HeH111e.

nona-

ce6e

raTb, np1!1Hl/1MaTb BO BHl/1MaH111e. YYl/1-

06U,\eCTBO am. pwd\Jblllhriwuw\J [l_U-

conceiոeԱ Lfl.IlwbbL, hwuljwliWL, W[l·

TblBaTb. paccMaTp111BaTb. o6cy~aTb

Ljt:;rimraJ m\J aKUl/10HepHoe 06U,\eCTBO

lJlWhWJlllGL 3aAYMb1BaTb, nOHl!1MaTb,

considerable "

Bbrpa)KaTb concept

hwuljwgmraJm\J, qwriw-

lflW[l: uljqpm\JQ nOH>lTl!1e. KOHLjen1.11,rn: np111H1.1vm

qQW[f1.\J2wuwlJwL'1,

correctԱԱ 6h2lll, Ul.IlnLJQ npaBl/1JlbHblil1,

U2WUWLjWL[1 tWUl, Lft:;b 3HaY111TeJ1b-

TOYHb1111 , lllf'\f'\GL, 6zl.IlbL 111cnpaBJ1>lTb. BHOCl/1Tb nonpaBKl/1

Hbli11, Ba)KHblill, 60JlbWOll1 consideration

W[ldbQ, Q[1U CTOl!1MocTb, weHa W[ldGUWL CTOl/1Tb

cost

g\J\JmLI. g\J\Jw[lljllllf

paccM0TpeH111e. 06cy~eH111e to take

1·

into - \JljWlll[1 llLUGUW[. hW2l{[1 Wl1-

courier

\Jt:;[ np1!1Hl/1MaTb BO BHl/1MaH111e

LflWlllW[l. qnriowljwl areHT. nOCblJlbHblill

consist քof) , pwrjljwgwb trillt:;L coc-

course

TO>lTb 1/13

of- wuzmzl.Il. hhwriljt; KOHeYHO, HeCOMHeHHO

constantly'"" Lf2lllWLJ.jGU, zwrim\Jwlj

crash

u\Jw\JljwgmLI Kpax

nOCTO>lHHO

createԱ. ul.Ilt:;f'\bbt C03AaTb, C03AaBaTb

constitute , LjwqLfbL. hhLI\Jt:;[. uwh-

creation

concerning l""I' Ljb[lwpb[lJWL OTHO-

Lfw\Jt:;L, u2w\JwL1t:;L conaBn>lTb. yY-

cross" hwl.Ilbl, w\Jglit:;L (Lfinr)llQQ. qt;-

c111TeJ1bHO, YTO KacaeTC>l

pe~aTb, OCHOBblBaTb, Ha3HaYaTb

concise u hwlfw11nl.Il, ljw[16, hwljtifl6

consular u hJlllll.jWl.Ilnuwljw\J, Ljn\J-

lll[!) nepeceKaTb: nepexoAl!1Tb, yn1111.1y. peKy

KpaTKl/1111, C)KaTblill

unqwljw\J KOHCYJlbCKl/1111

conception

[1_Llp11\JmLI, QWf'\WlflW[l,

hwuljwgnr)lllfaJllLU nOHl/1MaH111e, KOH1.1en1.1111,i, noH>lTl!1e concern

1Jn\Jgt;11\J cj)111pMa, npeA-

np111,irne. KOHL1epH ,. w11\Jt11LfaJ11L\J Ill· \Jt:;LiwL KaCaTbC>l, 1!1MeTb OTHOWeHl!1e

condition

UjWJLfw\J, Lj[16wlj, rwm-

consumer

crucial" Lj611wljw\J pewalOU,\111111

faJllLU ycnOBl/1e, COCTO>lHl/1e

goods LWJ\J ull.jw11Lfw\J Wll.jflWUQ\Jb[l

culture

conduct ,. rjbljwLjw[lbL, Ljw11wLjw[ltiL

npeAMeTbl w111p0Koro nOTpe6neHl!1>l

currency

pyKOBOA111Tb, ynpaBn>lTb

consumption

confidence

Lj u lJl w hmraJ m\J AOBe-

p111e uwhLfw\JwLfiwlj(Lj)bL orpa-

UjW[lnL\JwljbL COAep)KaTb

contaminel.tion

w\Jljw[lQlllfaJllLU,

[1JQ-

contract

nop>lAOK,

weH111e contribute

3aMeWaTeJlbCTBO connect

ljwLJ.j(Lj)bL, urwglit;L coe-

A111H>lTb, np111coeAl/1H>lTb

(cut) ljlll[lG[, r2tgllt;L (q\Jb[l[!)

MHOro f\JUUQ

wLfuwrarL!.

data pl քdatum)

tmraJm\J. Lfh211L4, ljllflllq CYU.\·

HOCTb; cepAL1eB1/1Ha, >lAPO

CAeJlKa

qnrio Ljwflbt.

w111J.lllmri wllt;L 111MeTb Aeno. BecT111 Aeno; ToproBaTb dealing

Wl1U.lll[1Wljw\J

f'/

qn[lbt:;ri

QllflOW[lQLibri: onriowriwri hwriwpt:;fllllfaJm\J\Jt:;fl KOMMepYeCKl/1e CAeJlKl/1; AeJlOBble OTHOWeHll1>l debt

Aena.

Ll.jWl'llllQ AOm

decide , nrinzt;L, Lj611t;L pewaTb. np111-

H111MaTb peweH111e II

decrease

nri112mu. Lj6rri peweH111e II

Ll.jwLjwut:;gmLI. \JLjwqt;.

weH111e. noH111)KeH111e , \JLjwqb[. \JLjwqt;g\Jb[,

u.iwljwubL,

u.iwljwubg\Jt:;L

CHl!1)KaTb(C>l), nOHll1)KaTb(C>l) deficit

11t'1lrg [1lll Aecj)ll1Lj111T

define ,. uwhLfw\JbL. uwhLfw\JmLI lllWL

onpeAenmb, AaBaTb onpeAeneH111e definition

uwhLfw\JmLI onpeAene-

H111e, cpopMyn111poBaH111e f1G-+lLJWQ[1W Aecpn,i1.1111,i

deflation

degree

WUlll[16w\J cTeneHb

delegate

L1.JWlllqwLfwLjn[l AeneraT,

AenyrnT , triwqn[lbL, hw\J6\Jw[lWflGL ynOJlHOMOYl/1BaTb, nopyYaTb lllWL

AeJlaTb

Qn[lOWl'lQ

քdealt) onrio m\Jt;\Jwl

deliոer

date

lll[1,

TeJ1bHO, B pe3yJlb TaTe

pe3aTb, cH111)KaTb (L1eHb1)

2fl2Wli AaTa, nep1110A

BKJlaA

cne1:ioBa-

cut

Ull.jWUlllGL, w2wljgbL, oCOAeillCTBOBaTb,

06pa-

unljll[lllLJfa, unljn[llllfaJlll\J

dw\J11wljbL, \Jb[ll)[lllllf w\Jt:;L cnoco6-

core

hblllu.w\JQ

crnoBaTb,

consequently ,1</i- ht:;lJlu.WpW[l. mu-

n[lll.jGU

AeHe)KHOe

06blY111111, np1!1Bl/1YKa

UjWJLfw\Jwqrfl, hwLfw6wJ-

\JmraJm\J KOHTpaKT, AOrGBOp. corna-

Hepa36ep111xa,

[1[lWUW2fl2WUWl11llfaJllLU,,

l{WLJllllllW

custom

Wr)l.Ilnl.Ilmlf. Ljw[lw-

6[!6LjwbmraJm\J, 2LfinramraJm\J 6ecnyrnH111L1a,

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.'.pnlJr), 4Wll.lhLnWl qJOHA, Ka-

fundamental u

W[lLnWQhl.J, OLnW[)ti[14[1JW,

LnWl AaBaTb

8 uwLnW[ltil, hriwWwl.JwglJl:;l; wljW[lLnbl BblnOnHԵTb, vicnonHԵTb,

OCHOBHOlii, maBHbllii, cylljeCTBeHHbllii

npeACK33b1BaTb,

pl:;pl:;l

npv1BneKarenbHb11ii. 060ԵTenbHb1Ci

wr,dcrarirabri, .:j)nuribri rocyA 1..1eHTHb1e 6yMarv1, qJOHAbl

uwruwqm2wWbl, 4wurunrin-

ULnWUWl, obrip

nonyYaTb, vl3BneKaTb, npv106peTaTb glamorous

llv!Tan

4WU[Ullflll21llU, UW[UW-

wriw2wgub1_ nopo)l<AaTb,

C03AaBaTb, cj:JopMv!pOB3Tb

frequent u hw6wruwWh YaCTblL1

fund

lJbmraJwlJ ntnf11J1, WULl.lW[lbq none;

ne, 6onbweei YaCTblO: 06b1YHO

get քgot)

wqWLnlll[aJlllU, wlJWwrum-

AeliiCTBOBaTb, pa6oTaTb

md cvina

QUr)hwl.Jpwll.lbU. QUr)-

i1d1

hwl.Jmr, wridwi.Jp, Lfl:;o Lfwuwi.Jp; un-

giոe քgaոeԱgiոen)

p0B3Tb, II

generally

fdJ mu CB060Aa, He3aBv1Cv1MOCTb

bbl,

wr,qblbl, [ctnLJl /LnWl 3anpe-

[_l_Ur)hwurwll.lbU, QUr)hWUlll[l

in-

fresh u [dW[lU, Ull[l CBe)Kv!L1, H0Bb1L1

function

Tbl llv!T3Hv!Ե forbid

wqwLn, wl.JL(6wr,, orih CB0II

Hb1Ci

generate

ocylljeCTBnԵTb; COBepwaTb

uumuri, uuuriwurabflQ nvillja,

fdnLJL1J14m-

fulfilքՄ)

hl:;1J1l.J.bl; hblJ1Wll.lUr\bl cne-

AOBaTb. cneAv!Tb: npecneAOBaTb

lljaTb

riw2LJ1; plJwqwL(wri, qnr,om-

-'.))r,bl.J/WJq.

60AHb1Ci, 6ecnnaTHb11ii

general u ourihw1Jm11. qlruwljnp. un-

4nr,wpw11 B006ll.1e. B o6lljeM CMblC-

2fl)'WUW4 paMKa

free

nv!TaHvle; npOAOBOnbCTBvle, npOAYK£hi, UW4W4, Lfh QWUh He-

pt;r,l:;l no-

wrii.Jwi.Jp Boo6llje. B o6ll.1v!X Yeprax

[aJllllJ cppaHYaei3, pa3peweHv1e

AYIOU.1vllii, nocneAYIOYll.1v!lii

nviTaTb U

franchise

ycraHaBnv1BaTb, onpeAenԵTb. Ha3Ha-

folloա

oco6eHHOCTb,

ol.J.w4nr,mi.J cj:JopMv1po-

hhL.flJwriribl, hhLfl.Jbl, ULnbrjObl

ULJlWUWl, ol:;rip

nyYaTb, npv106perarb Ljnnw4wlJ 06ll1v1lii, maBHb1Ci. 061:-,1y-

fix , uwhi.Jwl.Jl:;l, nrin2bl, u2wuw4b[

ocj:Jv11..1v1-

0CH0Bb1B3Tb, yYpe)l<AaTb, C03AaBaTb

CTBOBaTb

focal

qhb

frameաork

hwLfwll.lwLnwuruwl.Jbl coorner-

feasible u huwr,wL(nr,, hw4wuw4wlJ

w ri w \J 6u w h w LI1 u Ill ra JIll \J,

found

Եrne) u hwuLnwLnmu npoYHb11ii

cj:JopManbHb1lii:

BaHv1e. COCTaBneHvie

npoMb1wneHHoe npeAnpvi-

v1nv1

flexibility

punrin2

formation

W[lr)J muwpbr,w Wwl.J

floա

Bb1nonHv!Mb1Ci. AհnycrnMb1Ci

OUW4WU, Ll.lW2LnllUWUWU;

anbHblei; BHeWHvllii

LJlWL{n[l 6naronpv1snHb11ii

formal

uwpt;nt;l o6Hapy)Kv1BaTb

G gain

OlJ. cj:JopMa

WfllJ1WQt'll.J

faոourable u pwr,b\Jll.lWULJl, Ull.lWU-

feature

B3Tb

HaXOAv!Tb, 06Hapy)Kv!B3Tb - out hWJLn-

fit

wnriwnwghnrl:;u

Wwqi.J(L()bl. ol.J.wL(nn(L!)bl o6-

pa30Bb1BaTb. COCTaBnԵTb, cj:JopMv!pO-

obriuwriWmra1mu) cj:JvipMa (cpv!H3HCO-

fair " W[)r)W[l, WUW/Wrl

UW/Wlfl

cj:Jv1HaHCb1 ,

find (found) , qLnlJb[, hwJ1J1lJwpbnbt

firm

WU hw2nrimraJ llllL o wru n-

finance ,, .:PhlJw\Ju\Jt;n

.'.phlJwlJuwL(n[ll:;l cpv1HaHCv1pOB8Tb

.:PwPnhWw.

npeAnpvrnrne. cj:Ja6pv1Ka

feա

Տection կ 6 Glossary __

hw2npr)WUWU

llOCTeneHHblL1,

nocneA0BaTeflbHb11ii grant

l.;41:;p, rirwL.fwuwl.J Ull.lWULn:

r)llLnWghw A3P, noAapoK; cy6Cv1Av!Ե, AOTaL.jv!Ե 46wpbl

Ll.lWPqllbl, AapoBaTb,

r)nLnwghw

npeAOCTaBflԵTb

AOTaL.jv!IO grasp great

QL.fpril.Jmd noHv1MaHv1e

L.fl:;b,

run2n11.

huuw1wuwl.J

6onbwolii. Benv1Kv1Ci grieոance

ridqnhmraJmlJ crno, 06v1Aa

L!h11w4npwl1p. )Kano6a,

pnrinp,

HeAOBOnb-

grocery

Ull.jWflbrtblJri

tuwlrnqa

6aK3JleL1HO-raCTpOHOMW-leCKl,1L1

Տection կ 6 Glossary

Տection կ 6 իlիիիcՄry

I l.j11r,nLUL.ll[I xe,[\)Kv1posaTb. CTpaxosaTb

idle" w\.Jqnr,b, Ll.jLUflWLl.j He3aH'1TblL1. \ incorporate , uriw\.JwL. Uf1Lug\.Jt:;l, L.![1-

ce6,1 OT B03MO)l<HblX noTepb

CB060,l\HblL1

wLjnn(Lj)bL coe,[lv1Hmb(c>1). 06be,[lv1-

Mara3v1H, raCTpOHOM

help ,, oqlrnLfc}JnL\.J noMOLUb , oql.Jt:;L

illustrate \' LLILU[lQWpwl.Jt:;L, LnLUWPW-

H>1Tb(c>1)

pl Ull.jWflbrtb\.J 6aKane,1

noMoraTb

LibL i,1JlJllQCTpv1posaTb, ,[\8MOHCTpv1po-

increase ,, w6.

helpful u oqlllwWwri none3HblL1

BaTb

poCT,

immediate" mrttif"\. mririwWri: w\.Jhw-

w6bL, ubbw\.Jwl, wlJbLWLiWL,

UjWfl.

LWQLibL.

II rumup rpynna rpynnv1posaTb

group

tuupwljnrit:;L

hesitate

groա (grew.grown), w6bL, ubbw\.JwL:

w6bg\.Jt:;l pacrn, so3pacTaTb, ysenv1Yv1BaTbc>1: Bblp3LUv1BaTb w6. qwr,qwgmu poCT, pa3-

Bv1Tv1e rtbWwLjwribL, wriw2\.Jnr,11bL PYKOBO,[\v1Tb, HanpaBJl'1Tb

guide

1·

guideline

11tir,b4Lll[1Lj,

rtbWwLJwri

hr,whw\.Jq ,[1v1peKrnsa, pyKoBOA>1LUee yKa3aHv1e

LllWL.llW\.JLjbl Kone6aTbC'1

unrirati. Ww2ti WKypa, K0)!{3 \'

fc}WQgLibL CKpblBaTb, np>1T3Tb high

groաing u w6nrt Hapacrn10LLJ1,11,1 groաth

hide

pW[lO[l BblCOKv1L1

W[lQGLQ, tunrnu11nl.ll npen>1TCTB"1e, noMexa. 6apbep , wr,qbLQ

handicap

hw\.J11riuw\.Jwl, 11dLjwr,wgl.JbL 6b1Tb noMeXOL1, npen'1TCTBOB3Tb, MeWaTb,

33TPYAH'1Tb

handicraft

wr,hbul.ll,

[UWL.llw\.JQ

peMeCJlO

obriQ[1

w2-

(KYCTapHoe),

PYYHa>1 pa6orn handle

LjwribL seem

1·

happen

1·

cnyYaTbC>1

hwq[1Lj,

health hedge

wrinrt2nLfc}JnL\.J 3,l\Oposbe II

[\.JntQ\.Jl)nl.ll, W[lQGlfl npe-

noBblWaTb(C>l)

w\.Juti2wUjbU,

w\.J-

indeed lid, [1u4wUjbU. tinnp B caMoM

independent (/ w\.J4wru, [1\.JQ\.Jmr,mJ\.J

historical u Ll.jWL.llUW4w\.J v1crnpw-1ec-

immune " [1um\.J, [lum\.J[llllt:illl m\.Jt:;-

He3aBv1Cv1MblL1, caMOCTO>lT8JlbHbll,1

Kv11,1

gnri: wqwl.llljwb v1MyHHblL1, nonb3Y-

hold (held) , m\.Jb\.Jwl, Lllf1flbL LjwribL

IհLUv1L1C'1 v1MMYH"1TeTOM: CB060,l\Hb1L1,

(qrimJg,dnrinLj),

w\.Jg4wg\.JbL

ocso6o)K,[\eH HblL1

(Ujw-

sna,[leTb:

implement

npo-

opy,l\"18, l.1HCTpyMeHT \' 4WlllW[lGL, ti-

A"1Tb (3aH>1rne)

r,wqnr,bbL ocyLUeCTBJl'1Tb, BblnOJlH'1Tb

host

LllWUL.llb[l,

import

Ll.jWUl)n4wll.jWU

[IUL.llWU[1Q, [IUL.llw\.J[1Q[1

importance

w\.J11wu\.Jbr,: LllUWJ[1\.J l.lll.Jl.llbumfc}JnL\.J

u2w\.Jw4mfc}JnL\.J, Ww-

riu.nr,mfc}JnL\.J 3H3YeH"1e, Ba)KHQCTb

ceMb>1, ceMeL1Ha>1 e,[\"1H"1L1a: ,l\OMO-

important u Wwriu.nri B3)l<HblL1

YaAL1bl,

improոe

,[\OMawHee

X03'1L1CTBO

indicate

BaTb, o6o3HaYaTb indirectly uւ, w\.Jmri11w4[1nr,b\.J He>JB-

HO, KOCBeHHO

pwribLwLJ(Lj)bL, 4WlllW[lb-

w\.Jhwl.llw4w\.J. w\.Jo\.Jw4w\.J v1H,[\"1Bv1AYaJ1bHblL1, OT,[\eJlbHbll,1, YaCTHblL1, Jlv1YHb1L1,

eg"1Hv1YHblL1

hoաeոer uւ, tiuwwu tL nr,, nr112w\.J tL

crnosaTb( c,1)

i uw-

improvement

fc}GU. TeM

human u UWfll14LUJf1\.J YeJlOBe'-leCKi,11,1

Մdentify

\.JmJ\.Jwg\.JbL,

6w\.Jw 1bL

v1geHrncjJ1,11..1v1posaTb, pacno3H asaTb identification

\.JmJ\.Jwgmu: 6w\.Jw-

_.....,,,.

pwribLwLjmu, 4wlllw-

influence

ribLwqnr,bmu ynyYweH"1e, MO,l\epH1,1-

OnLfaJnLU

WUOUW-

UflW6, [1\.J~l)WQ[1W, "1HQJJl>l-

wq11bgnLfc}JnLU, \.Jbr,qnri-

sn1,1,1H1,1e,

so3ge1,1crn1,1e

3a1..11,1,1

wq11bL, \.Jbr,qnr,bbL (no)snv1mb, (so3)-

include

,[\eL1crnosaTb

pnLjw\.J11wWbL, UjW[lnL\.Jw-

u4qp\.Jw4w\.J,

lJLu[1.1w-

WbL, \.Jbr,wribl, \.Jbr,qr,wLjbL BKJ11հYaTb.

initial

co,[lep)KaTb, 3aKJ11հYaTb s ce6e

u4qp\.Jw4w\.J v1CXO,[\Hbll,1, HaYclJlbHbll,1,

including \.Jb[lWrlJWL BKJllQYa>l, BMeC-

nepBOHaY3JlbHbll,1

Te C, B TOM Yv1CJle

initiate

income

rpa,lla, 33LUv1Ta \' 4w\.JrubL h\.Jwr,wljnri I /nLU v1,[\8HTv1QJv1KaLjv1>1: on03HOBaHv1e

WUO,

HOCTb Lji,1>1

4WJU, WJ\.Jmwub\.JwJ\.Jf1Lj

Ljn[lnLfc}JnLU, uwr,11 "1HAv1B"1A(YYM), n1,1Yinflation

wriw\.Jo[1\.J, uwu\.Jwljnr,.

indiոidual (/

LWqnr,bbL ynyYwaTb(c,1), cosepweH-

Lllw\.J, Lll\.JwJti\.J AOMawH1,11,1

u2bL, u2w\.Jw4bL yKa3bl-

\.Jbr,L.!nLObL1,1MnopT1,1posaTb

X03,1i,1H ,[\OMa: X03'1v1H roCTv1Hv1Ljbl household

UG[lUnLOnLU i,1MnOpT, 8803

,[\eJ1e,,[\eL1CTBv1T8JlbHO

indirectք6 w\.JmririwWti KocseHHblL1

qn[l0[1Q, uf12ng, UW[lQ

BO,l\v1Tb (co6paHv1e. 6eceAy). nposo-

hwq[1Ljhwq,

11dLjw[1nLfc}JWL.!p e,[\Ba n1,1, c TPYAOM

6e3oT naraTen bH bl 1,1

nocpe,[\CTBeHHO

Hb1L1, T,1)KeJlblL1 uւ,

pW[lO[lLUUWL, pwrioriwg\.Jbl

paCTi,1, B03paCTaTb, ysenv1Yv1BaTb(C>l),

HaH"1MaTb

rnep.[lb1L1, Cv1J1bHblL1, KpenK1,11,1, TPYAhardly

wLjb-

CTBeHHblL1. np>1MOL1: HeMe,[\Jl8HHblL1, immediately uւ,

He MeHee, HeCMOTp>1

hard u Ujf1\.J11, mdbrt, 11dLJwri. owl.Jr

so3paCTaHv1e

hwll.jWfl: mririwWti HeMe,[\JleHHo: He-

nri CKOJlbKO 6bl Hi,1, KaK 6bl Hl,1,

Ll.jWLllWhbL, l.llbrtti m\.Jb\.Jwl

HenocpeA-

ysen1,1YeHv1e.

highly wfr 1wljlwqw\.Jg secbMa hire II LjW[lOnLU HaeM \ LjW[lOGL

flWUjLlnL\.JQ) v1MeTb,

w\.Jhbl.llwoqbLti

w6mu. wLjbLwgmu

b4wuml.ll AOXOA

l1w[1.1u1obril1bl, U4LIGL i,1Hl,1-

Lji,11,1p083Tb: H3Yv1H3Tb

Տection կ 6 Glossary -

Տection կ 6 Glossary

-- ----------

inseparable u wupwdwlJ. wupwdw-

Tepee, 3a111HTepec0BaHHOCTb. Bblro-

issue

utLh Hepa3.Qen111Mb1li1, HeOT.Qen111Mb1li1.

Aa. nonb3a; npoueHT:.Qoxo.Q

4[16tLfl hwrig Bb1nycK. cnopHb1li1 sonpoc

HeOTbeMneMbllA

interject

inspire ,. utrizutbL, nqt:;zu 1tL, nql.J.n-

hWIJlGL, QUl)l1[12tL npepb1BaTb 3aMe-

flGL BHywaTb Ha.Qe>K,O,y, B.[\OXHOBm!Tb,

YaH111eM. BCTaBn51Tb 3aMeYaHl!le

ՄԼՄՄՄMynՄՄՄp08aԼb

instance

orihuw4

uw4[1 hWUWfl

npՄՄՄMep

for - 011[1-

HanpՄՄՄMep

l1111J1nri_mr,1muutpn4 [IUl)-

r,nri_w114ml1. LnLJU QUOLUJtiLQ, 1!13.QaH111e:

labourer

land

,. pwg r,nri_utl, r,nri_wnWtL, tmJu QUbwJtL; prut:;L, u4[lqp WrlUGL Bb1nyc-

ti[ll.Jflfl, 9WUWQ, hnri_. Gfl4flfl,

Ujt:i1J1mr,1mu cTpaHa. cywa. cTpaHa. 3eMns:i. rocy.Qapcrno

intermediate // U[l)_)WU4JWL npoMe>t<y-

KaTb, 1113.QaBaTb: npo111cxo.Ql!ITb, nony-

landlord

TOYHbllA

YaTbC51

IJlWuLilbfl

intermediary

u[l2un1111 nocpe.QHl!IK

item

JnLflWQWUtJrllfl

wriwn4wu:

pwuljn[l. ul.J.wqnrio pwu-

W,nn pa60Y111li1: YepHopa60Y111li1

hnri_wlJlbfl. l.JWLL{WOWIJlG[l; noMeLL(l!IK.

neu: sna.Qeneu AOMa

instead '"" L)lnruwritu. L)lnruwuw4

internal adj ut:;pp[lu BHyTpeHHl!IIA

4t1J1, hw[lg (OflW4W[lq[l) OT.[\enbHbllA

landoաner

8MeՄԼՕԱ 83aMeH

international o ur2wqqw1[lu, [lulJlbfl-

npe.QMeT; nyHKT; sonpoc (Ha nosecTKe)

IJlbfl 3eMnesna.Qeneu

instinctiոely w/, puwql)WpWfl, puwq-

uwg[lnuwl Me>K,O,yHapO.[\HbllA. l!IHTep-

iterateԱ. l.Jril.JutL n0BT0p>1Tb

late o (compar

l)n[lbU

Hal.\l!IOHanbHbllA

l!ՄHՄԼl!ՄHKԼl!Մ8HՕ

institute

[luu1J1[11J1nu.n,

Lilm[i)J mu, 4wl1

hWUIJlW-

q[l lJl w h tlJl w q n lJl w WWU

muml11Jw4wu

interոieա

qpmJg scTpeYa, l!IHTepBbKJ, co6eceAOBaH111e , hwrigwqrimJg mut:;uwl,

[<)J mu l!IHCTl!ITYT, yYpe>K,O,eHl!le, Hay-

q[lmgtL npoBO.[\l!ITb l!IHTepBbKl (6e-

YH0-111ccne1:iosaTenbCKOe 111n111 yYe6-

Ce,[\y),

Hoe 3ase.QeH111e

saTb

pwrioriwqnLJu muml1-

uw4wu

hWUIJlWIJlm[i,JnLU,

UW[l4,

hwu1J1w1J1mr,1mu,

1J1m1J1 yYpe>K,O,eH111e,

h[ll1[luu1J1[1-

l!IHCTIIITYT (o6-

LL(8CTBeHHbl!A) instrument

qnrio[lp np1116op; l!IHCT-

pyMeHT interact ,. L)lnruwqritL,

L/lnruwriwri-

l!IHTepBb10111posaTb,

intrՕdUՄtiՕn

L/lnruwriwrio Wwrumu B3al!IMHas:i 3aB1i1Cl!IMOCTb, B3al!IMHa51 CB513b

inոest , UG[ll)UGL l)flWU. 4wl.1.j[l1J1WL

V1WflW1J1tuw4mr,1mu BIii,[\, Knacc; pa3p51,[1

l!IHBeCTl!lpOBaTb, BKna.[\blBaTb, noMe-

BKna,[\Yl!IK

2w hwq11qri4wbmr,1 mu, 1J1n4n u 111H-

WL{WUl)WIJlm l!IHBeCTOp,

sosneKaTb,

q[lVlb[[lQ, LilGl'lJW4 LflUbL

labor wl1bflfl4 = labour

BKnKJYaTb,

labour

pa6oTa

t114wr, >t<ene30

6oTaTb

4t112[luQ,

oritug, Ljwunu 3aKOH. npas111no

(led) , wriw2un1111tL, IJlWUGL,

lead

co6oli1, pyKOBO.[\l!ITb, npl!IBO,[\l!ITb leading a wriw)_)WIJlWfl, wriw2wW.nri

se,[\yLL.(1111:i, nepe.Qosol:i lease'

4wriowl.JwLmr,1mu, 4w11on4

IJlWL[I apeH.Qa, C.[\aYa B HaeM ow4WLGL

BKnlOYaTb s ce6s:i iron

copT;

3HaH1!151, CBe,[\eHl!l51

UG[lQ[lWL{GL, UG[lWrlGL, UjW-

flnLUW4GL hGIJlWQflQ[lmr,1mu, zwh,

po.Q,

lJlGUWL 3HaTb knoաledge

CaMbllA

W.writL, hwuqtgut:;l secrn, secrn 3a

LJ1tuw4, Vl[lUj; 4w[lq, riwu;

knoա (knew, known) , [luwuwl, q[l-

UGfll)flnLU, 4wUj[llJlW-

secT111u111s:1 inոestor

knockԱ hw114wbtL, y.Qapl!ITb, 6111Tb

LWUGfll1flnLU Kan111rnnosno>t<eH111e, 111H-

inոolոe

latter" (compar. see late)

laա

UjWhUjwutL, UjwhtL

kind

4wo B3al!IMH03aB1!1Cl!IMbllA; B3al!IMHOinterest

K keep (kept) ,

HOB81AW1i11A,

no3,[\Hlllli1, caMbllil nocne.QHl!llil t11411nri110 (4t11nhfl2Jwlut:;11[lg) nocne.QHl!llil, BTOpol:i (1113 ynoM51HYTb1X)

,[\OMOCTb

interdependent u ut4Q l1Jmu[lg 4wru-

CB513aHHb1IA

lJlWIJlGL onpaB.[\blBaTb; nO.[\TBep>K,O,aTb

.Qep>t<aTb, coxpaH>1Tb, xpaHl!ITb

inոestment

LjlnruWl)WflO 4WLJ.j,

justify , wririwriwgutL. utritL; hwu-

lJlWfl l!IHBeHTapb, l!IHBeHTapHa51 se-

sn111>1Tb APYr Ha ,llpyra

no3>t<e

WUGUWL{G[l)_)[lU

judgeԱ l)WLilGL cy.Ql!ITb

6ece.Qo-

qmJQwgmgw4, [lu4tu-

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liability

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miner

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Տection կ 6 Glo_ssary

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outlet

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hWUWrlnL[ajnLU, hWU-

LJ1W LJ1 w Lj w u mra1 m\J,

U2bL,

persist

past (/ WUQJWL, \Jw~l.Jru npownbll,1,

ynopCTBOBBTb; OCTaBaTbC>l, npOAOn-

MLl1HYBWL11111, 6b1BWLl1l,1

)t(BTb CYLlleCTBOBaTb

path

nyTb

mriri. 6WUWLL1W[lh, W[1WhbLJ1

person

hwuwrit:.L:

12wriwpwljwumra1m\J no11v1-

p4t:.wril.Jmra1m\J; QULJ1[lnrt\Jt:.rir

gmgwlj ro11oc0BaHv1e: cnv1coK v136v1paTe11e111 {'I wut;ri

QULJ1f1Wljw\J Lnbr[LUUWU {'I

aMep. v136v1paTenbHbliA nyHKT population

puwlj/nL[ajnLU, p\Jwl.Jr1-

\Jt:.[l Hace11eHv1e. JKv1Tenv1 ynopCTBO,

MeH)

1·

Tv1Ka poll

hwupb[lWLJ1W[lnL[ajnLU

UbLjlWLjWUnL[ajnLU C06-

pleasure

BonbCTBv1e

permanent u LI2LI1Wljwu, wuljlnljln~.

wugljwg\JbL: hwuo\Jt:;l (12uumra1m\JQ)

~WrtWl v1rpaTb

gmJg LJ1W[ noKa3b1BaTb, yKa3b1BBTb

hwLnliWLllbu wnwuo-

oաn u w\Jouwljw\J, ut:;Ljlwljw\J, co6-

oաnership

policy

11d1

pass

Ae11eu

PnLJU. qnribw[lw\J pacrnHv1e

lKYTOK BpeMeHvl

particularly

My-11., KOMy-11.)

l.Jlb[l, ut:;LjlwljwuwLJ1b[l s11a-

npeAnpv1>1n1e

A8Jl8HHbll,1, cneuwpv1YeCKL,1i,1

HepCTBO

to take -- Ulbrtr nL\JbUWL, UjWUlWht[

dwuw\Jwljw2ri2wu nepv10A, npoMe-

KeM-Jl, 6b1Tb 06>13aHHblM (YeM-Jl. ye-

oաner

Lnbr[. LjWJ[l MeCTo , 11\JtL

6eHHbliA. OTAenbHbliA. YaCTHblll1, onpe-

Lnr[lnL[aJnLU

AeTb, 0611aAaTb, vlMeTb

qLnut:;l Bb16v1paTb.

LJ1br[w4n[lt:.L KnacTb. noMeLllaTb

play

BblnOJlH>lTb, v1cnonH>1Tb hWUlnLli

LJ1Wljwu Lrllt:.L 6b1Tb B AOmy nepeA

QULnilbt.

LilMeTb MeCTO, npOvlCXOALilTb

UjWLI1li1JJ-

noA6v1paTb

plant

partner

crneHHbllA

Ljt:.riwpb[ltL

[lbLWqnribt:.L, LWL!wgut:;L cosepweH-

Lllv1111 ut:.Ljru LL1W[llJ1fl Lrut:.t, LL1W[l-

ut;L OTHOCL11TbC>1. npv1HaAJ1elKaTb

CTBOBaTb, ynyYWBTb

6\J2nri HenpeOAOJlv1Mb1111, nOABBJ15'1Kl-

wuouwUwqtJ nepcoHan

HvlMBTb yYaCTLile

LL1b[1Lfw\Jt:;\JLJ1 nOCTO>lHHbll,1, Hev13M8H-

oաe

nepcoHanbHbllA,

gmra1mu nLUbUWL yYaCTBOBBTb. npv1-

Hbll,1, nepMaHeHTHbll,1

wuhwrirawhwrit:.Lr,

wl1ouwljwu. wuhwLnw-

nvlYHbll,1 COCTaB

place

perfect u 4WLI1W[lJWL,

s oco6eHHOCH1; s YaCTHOCTL,1

personnel

pick

wqq

UWLLibU uwuuw4nriwLL1bu oco6eHHO,

oոerաhelming

personal

Uwu LILuuuw4n11 nL11YHbllA: YaCTHbll,1

pertain քto)

Ljt;uuwran2wl.J,

ponb

particular

QWJL

w2~wLJ1wLjwo. 46w11 Japa-

60THa>1

participation

oոerseaքs)

pay

111'1

rimriu. ririumu CHapyJKv1

Տection_կ 6 Glossary

LL1WhLL1w\J4t:;l

uwriri. w\Jo, wl10\Jw4nrim-

ra1mu nvlYHOCTb, YenoBeK, nvlUO

position

L!r6wlj. [1[lnL[ajnLU, rirri12

Ll!W2Lnn\J nono)t(eHv1e, B03MO)t(HOCTb. no3L11UL11~.A0Jl)t(H0CTb positiոeք6 ririwljw\J, LllnqrU1!14 nono-

)t(vlTenbHbll,1, n03v1Tv1BHblv1 possess , LI1!1[lbL, m\Jt;\Jw[ snaAeTb,

o6naAaTb, v1MeTb

Տection կ 6 Glossary

---- -

possible u h\Jwr,wl[n[l. hwl[w\Jw4wu

prior" \JwtuWfl, \ ,cutunririnri npe>KHl,11/1

B03MO>KHbll/l, sep05lTHbll/l postponeԱ. hbLnwoqbl orKnaAblBaTb

\JWfuQWU. Ur1UtU paHbW8. npe>KAe.

pound

.'.jlm\JLn uLnbnLri\Jq, .'.jlm\JLn

q:>yHr crepm1Hr, q:iyHr poոerty66 rnwL[n[lnL[c,JnLU. Wr)QWUlnL[c,J m\J Hv1ll.18Ta, 6eAHOCTb poաer66 md, hqn[lnL[c,JnLU MOll.lHOCTb, cv1na

npeAwecrnyKJu.iv1.1 uւ,

L.lwulJwL[nn

Kv1111

ubLj'lwt.jwl.J

'-laCTHbll/1. nv14Hbll-1 procedure

L4[lngb[1nLflW. Q\Jrc,wgw-

4wr,q npol.\eAypa proceed

practical u qnr,o\Jw4w\J: npaKTw-1ec-

- to wriw2.

L\O

priոate

2wnm\JwWbl:

L[t:.riuWubL

(qn[lOQ): wugl.Jt:;l (Llri pwuri) llPOAOn>KaTb; so306Hosn>1Tb (Aeno); npv1cry-

predict \' 4w\Jruwqm2wWbL, qm2w-

WbL nP8ACKa3~BaTb prepare 8 L4WUlflWULn(L[)bL, \JwruwL4WUlflWULn(L[)bL

noArorasm1BaTb,

roTOBv1Tb(C5l) present u \Jl:;[14W, WJdUJWU. dwuw-

narb (K '-leMy n.) process

L4[lngt:.u. Ql.JrawgQ npOL\ecc

\' u2wWbL o6pa6aTblBaTb produceԱ WflLnWf1flbL. L4WLnflWULntil

npo1,13BOA1,1Tb

\Jw4w4rig. Wflf1r1 renepewHv1111, Ha-

" WflLnWf1flWUQ. Wflf1JnLUQ npoAyK-

cro>1u.iv1111. cospeMeHHblill

L\v15l, npoAYKT. pe3ynbTaT

presentation

\Jl:;r,4wJwgmL.l, \Jl:;r,-

producer

WflUlWf1[lnr)

4WJ wg\JbLQ npe38HTal.\v15l, npeACTaB-

Av1Tenb, 1,13roros1,1renb

neHv1e

product

presuppose

l:;\Jrc,wriflbL

npeAno-

npo1,13so-

WflLnWf1flWUQ. WL4flWUQ,

L.lrc,b[lQ npOAYKT: pe3ynb rar: 1,13Aen1,1e

naraTb

production

preոail , ri2fubL, Lnt"iflbL, qbr,w42r1bL

LnWf1flWUQ. WlljflWUQ npo1,13BOACTBO;

npeo6naAaTb, rocnoAcTsosaTb price

q ri \J L\8H a

4w\JmL.l nepsoHa'-lanbHO. cHa'-lana u

ht"iu\Jw4w\J.

Qlfuwl[nr,,

u4qp\Jw4w\J OCHOBHOl/1, rnaBHbll/1, nep81,1'-IHbll/l prime

hriu\Jw4w\J,

1,13rorosneH1,1e; npOAYKL\v15l

QLfuwL[nr,;

u4qp\Jw4w\J OCHOBHOl/1, rnaBHbll/1; nep81,1'-IHbll/l

Wflf1Jml.JwL[bLn

U1Wf1[lW4wu.

npo-

1,13soA1,1renbHb1111; np01,13BOACTB8HHblill; npOAYKTl,1BHbll/l productiոity

WflLnWf1[1nr)w4wum-

fi,JnL\J, Wflf1JnL\Jwl[bUlnLfi,JnL\J npo1,13BoA1,1renbHOCTb, npOAYKTl,1BHOCTb professional

L.lwul.JwqbLn, L4[1n.'.jlt:.-

principal o Qlfuwl[n[l, ht"1L.l\Jw4w\J, w-

urin\Jwl cneL11,1anv1cr: npoq:iecc1,10Han

r1w2wLnWfl rnaBHbll/1, OCHOBHOl/1, se-

programքme)

AYll.lv1111

rpaMMa, nnaH

progress

g mu

O[lWQr1fl, L4lWU npo-

L4[lnqr1t:.u. wriw2fuwrjw- I protectԱ UJW2LnLqwl.JbL, L4WhL4wl.JbL. pa3s1,1rne. cosephnl[wuwljnflbl 3all.11,1u.iarb, npeAo-

nporpecc.

weHcrsosaH1,1e project

xpoH>lTb. llOKpOB1,1T8nbCTBOBaTb

011wqriri. l.Jwtuwqrio npo-

rpaMMa ,npoeKT. nnaH promising

hnLJUt:i[l Utifl2Utnr). tunu-

protection

1..ww2LnL4wumra1mu.

L4WhL4w\JmL.l 3all.11,1ra, npeAoxpaHeHv1e WL4Whnl.Jl:;l,

LlwLnw4w-

proոide

promote , \JL4WULnbL: pwr,ar,wgl.Jbl,

flWflbL,

LnWL.

wr1w2 2w2bL (L4W2Lnn\Jmu) cnoco6-

ne41,1saTb. cHa6>KaTb: npeAycMarp1,1-

UlnLUU Wlr19 MHoroo6eu.iaKJu.i1,1111

uwtuwLnbut:;l

crsosarb: COAelllCTBOBaTb; npOABl,1-

saTb. npeAB1,1A8Tb

raTb; nosb1waTb no (cny>K6e)

proոision

promotion

w2w4gmrc,1mu: wriw2

QW2nLU (owriw1mrc,1w\J ul:;2) COA8111CTB1,1e;

npO[\Bl,1>K8Hv18.

nOBblW8Hv18

prompt u W[lWq

2UlWL4 6blCTpbll/l,

proper u hwr,L.lwr,. 4wr,qriu HaAne-

>Kau.i1,1111, nOAXOA>lWl,11/1 properly uւ, L4WLn2w6 4b[lL4nLj Ha-

Ane>Kau.ie. HaAne>Kau.i1,1M o6pa3oM property

UblflW4WUnLfc,JnLU, ml.Jl:;g-

L[WOQ; hwLn4mrc,1m\J co6crneHHocrb:

CBOI/ICTBO

LlwLnw4w[lW[lnLL.l WL4W-

publication

hflWL4W[lW4mL.l ny6n1,1-

KaL1v1>1 h[1WL4WflW4WJUnLfi,JnLu,

ribWLwLl rnacTHOCTb. pernaMa purchase

CpO'-IHbll/1

06ec-

hnLjnLL.l. CHa6>KeH1,1e, 06ecne'-leH1,1e

publicity

(no cny>K6e)

Kynm

ql.Jmu

ql.JbLQ noKynKa.

q\Jt:;l, at:.rir pbflbL noKynaTb,

np1,106perarb purely w/1

Llriu

uriwuqwL.IWJU. wupnri2n-

lrinl[riu. pwgwriwL4bu. snonHe,

1,1CKnKl'-lv1T8nbHO; nonHOCTbKl, L\8n1,1KOM purpose

\JujWUlLU4, UUlWf1flnLfi,JllLU

L1enb: Ha3Ha'-leH1,1e; HaMepeH1,1e; 3aMb1cen

proportion

productiոe u WflLnWf1flnriw4wu, W[l-

primarily w/i· QLtuwL[n[lWL4bu, hriL.l\Jwprimary

WflLnWf1flnLfi,JnLU, W[l-

Տection կ 6 Glossary

- -

hwLlWtWLflnLfi,JnLu. hw-

L.lwuwu\Jmrc,Jm\J

nponopl.\1,1>1,

(npo-

purposeful

UL4WU1w4wuLW9 L1ene-

ycrpeMneHHb1111

L\8HTHoe) COOTHOWeH1,1e: copa3Mep-

pursue

HOCTb

hbLnlibL: qn[lObL (QUUl L4LW1Jt"i) npecne-

proprietor

ubLj'lLu4wuwLnbfl, Lnbfl

co6CTB8HHl,1K, snaAenel.\. X035ll,1H proprietorship

t"iflLuL[m\JQ

L4LW\Jut:.ri· oriwqrit:.ri

nnaHbl Ha 6yAyu.iee

co6-

hbriwu4wr, nepcneKrnsa

1,t wL4wqw1ri

(1JL4wLnw4);

BaTb (no nnaHy)

crseHHOCTb; npaso co6CTB8HHQCfl,1 prospect

hbLnWL4Uf1bL

AOBaTb (L1enb); cneAOBaTb; A8111CTBO-

ul:;Lj'lw4wumrc,1m\J,

ubLj'lw4w\Jmrc,1wu

qualified u hwnuwri. L4t"iLnw\Jri noA-

xoA>1ll.\1,1111, np1,1roAHblL-1 qualify , nriwWwl.Jnnt:;l KBanwp1,1L11,1-

posaTb

Տection կ 6 Glossary

quality

llflWlj hwlllljmraJmlJ KaciecT-

so. CBOC1CTBO

quantity

quarter ,, gwr211n11

quit

CKOpOCTb: pa3ps:1A. Knacc. copT

t:;riwL.IUJWW cieT-

rational

hw[lg sonpoc

ranrillt:;L, f'\Wf1W[lt:;gl.Jt:;l (w2ruw-

LllWUQ[l lJ. WJLU) noKl!IAaTb, npeKpali.\3Tb (pa6oTy l/1.T.A.) quite il(/i LlhwuqwL.lwJlJ. lhm[hu co-

radical u WflUWIJlWLjwlJ

Hbll!I radically

WflUWLllWWt:;u

paAl!I-

KanbHO rail

t:;fl4Wlalllf"\WJJ1U Lflll[UWf1flWLlh-

2ng >Kene3HOAOPO)l<Hbll/l TpaHcnopT raise

w6. pWflO[lWgmu, wLjt:;Lw-

BHl!IMaHllle Ill - to. with

pawv10-

nosb1waTb;

llOAHl!IMaTb; nony4aTb; M06l!lnl!l30Bblrange

lllllfllll; 2WflQ 30Ha, o6naCTb;

UWflbl KacaTb01, v1MeTb OTHOWeHl!le,

remain

C4v1TaTb. paccMaTpv1BaTb

rent

UjW\JlflWULll rQTOBbll/l

rapid

WflWQ, WflWQ[lU[aWQ 6blC-

Tpb11/1, CKOpb1C1 rate

w2tuwmwl[wflOti

Ael!ICTBv1TenbHbll/l,

tWL{l.

1'1flnLJ12, \JlWflti-+l; lJnflUW; qn[lOW4tig; mn4nu: wumti6w\J; pwcttiu.

hw[lljWf1flL!WO

Heo-

UUW[ ocTaBaTbCs:I

Ljwriowlj6wri. Ljw[lawljWLlll-

regardless w/i - of \Jljwlllh lwri\Jbllll[

faJWU Lj6wri. rit:;umw nnaTa. apeHA-

He B3vipas:i Ha

HaH nnarn: peHTa , Ljwriat:;l, Ljwrionlj

q[lwugwuW\JlJWU >KypHan

L!t:;rigubL,

L!wriawlJwLmraiwu

LllWL

peanbHb1111

3anv1ce111 , gmgwljwqrit:;l perv1cTpv1-

HaHl/lM3Tb. CAaBaTb B apeHAY apeH-

realizeԱ hwuljwUWL. qhmwljgbl, [lU-

posaTb

AOB3Tb

priut:;L: tiflwqnriobL noHv1MaTb, oco3-

registered

HasaTb; ocyli.\eCTBns:iTb. BblnonHHTb

Qflljwb 3aperv1npv1posaHHb1111

reasonable" runht:;L.I rubLWUh\Jl 6na-

registration

ropa3yMHbll/l receiոe

1·

regular

QflWrlllLU, q[lwugmu; W[lh w2Lj t:; IJl Lj lllfaJ mu

3anv1cb. perv1cTpawv1s:i; npornKon; oTYeT

hwLIWLflGL nononHs:iTb II

wuauwljwqL.lh hwL.lw-

C'.'dl!l>KaTb·

reduction

hwzLjt:;mLjmraimu.

qt:;Ljm-

gmu OT4eT, AOKnaA represent

flbl npeACTasns:iTb. v1306pa>KaTb

LjwunuwljnflllllaJllLU,

pbrimu; Ljwunu. uwhuwu-

UbflljWJwgut:;l, IJ.IWl1lljb-

representation

representatiոe

A04eHvie; npasv1no, pernaMeHT

npeACTaBlllTenb

request

ljbflwpbflbL; LjwwwljgbL, Llh

ubfl4WJWQ11LU npeA-

nasneHvie

Ljwb ljwflq perynv1posaHv1e, ynop51-

QllLU npocb6a, Tpe6osaHvie; 3anpoc [UUf1flGl npocv1Tb

Cl!lbCs:I,

require

KacaTbcs:i: v1nv1

ycTaHasnv1saTb

ornaweHv1e hwriwpbfllll[aJlllU,

ubfl4WJWQlll9/lt

[UUlfhfl(Q), iJ.1WhWU2; hW[l-

pwun hbm Ljwu.i hWULllWIJlbl OTHOCB513b

uljwqmu, 4fl6WLl111LU, ti·

Lflll[UWllj)UllLU 33MeHa,

3aMeli_\eHl/le report

h[lwhwuq v1HCTPYKL1v151

(cs:i) weHbl

sv1nbHb1111 o6bl4Hbll/l, o6blKHOBeHHbll/l

relate

reduce , uLjwqbL, uljwqt:;gubl, h2b-

gubl (qub[l[l) yMeHbWaTb

perv1cTpa-

replacement

flW4WU, UllflUWL peryns:ipHbll!I, npa-

Ljwriqr

c~saTb, perv1cTpv1posaTb recruitment

gmgwljwqrinuJ, WflOW·

Ljwunuwljllfl, 6h211l, unLjn-

regulation

qriwribL, WflOwuwqflbl 3anlll8

replace , L[ln[Uw[ljlut:;l, Ljbflwljwuq-

ut:;l 3aMeHs:iTb, JaMeli.\aTb

1..1v1,1, 331lv1Cb

43Tb, npv1Hv1M3Tb II

q[lwugljwb, WflOWUW·

uwqri m taJ m\J ,qriw\Jg mu.

U\JlWUWL, [1Uf111LUb[ nony-

lflllLU yKOMnneKrnsaHllle nepcoHana

cepv1,1, PHA

neny

po111 Marnpv1an. Cblpbe

recruit

B3Tb; pacTl!ITb; pa3BOAl!ITb

Ljb[lw-

cs:i K

reluctant" qj1uw11rinq. hwljwriwljnq.

reach \' hwul.Jt:;l AOCTl!lraTb. AOXOAv1Tb

hWflUWfl OllflOhu

Ljb[lwr;>b[lllfl yMeCTHl/1111: OTHOCs:IWl!ll/l-

lt:;urawriljljnri XOTHO

YeHv1e pmbt:;L

4TO KacaeTC51

OTHO-

releոant" Lllbf"\tll.J

pb[lbl, wriutlllfaJlllU m\Jbuwl: hw-

0 wu wqri mraJ mu;

L.lnphlhqwgllt:;L;

to Ljti[lW-

Cl!ITenbHO,

record

pWflOflWQllt:;L; w6t:;gl.Jt:;L; umwuwl;

WrlUtlll-

<8 tU2Wljl[WO. WUU2Wlj He06· pa60TaHHb1111, 11 - material hmL.IQ Cb1-

raա

gnuJ nOAbeM, nosb1weHv1e, ysenv1-

lll2Wf1fllll[aJlllU,

release (from) , wq wlll t:;l ocso6m1<-

AaTb

pt:;[lJWl, hut Ljb[lWpb[llllU t

seli.(ecrneHHbll!I. paA1,1Kanb-

la)llLU. ljt:;fluJpt:;rimraimu ornoweHv1e.

real " rriw4wl.J. huljw4wl.J. UlllllLJQ

Lflll[U(hW\JlllLQt:;l) OW[UUt:;[l[l

regard

pa3yMHbll/l.

HanbHbll/l wenecoo6pa3Hb1111

ready

sepweHHO. COBCeM

B03Meli.\aTb pacXOAbl

mugjlnuwl icJt:;lwgr1 uww-

LllwljwhWflULUll

refund

saTb. onpeAenHTb. cYviTaTb

sepTb. KBapTan question

q\Jwhwmt:;L, riwut:;l, nflnzt:;L 01..1eHv1-

QWUWLj KOnLIIYeCTBO

1·

u.iwhwu2t:;L, 4Wflh!2 mub-

UWL Tpe6osaTb, HY>KA3Tbcs:i s YeM-n Ljwu.i

2bgmu (qubflh) yMeHbWeHvie; COKpa-

relation

li_\eHvie, cHv1>KeHv1e(weH)

OTHOWeHvie, CBs:13b

UllLUQ, ljwfltiQ Tpe6osaHv1e, noTpe6-

relatiոely £1,h hw[1wpb11wpwfl, hw-

HOCTb, Hy>t<,na

tJwu; mbtJUj. WflWqnL[<tJnL\J; 4Wflq,

refugee

f')WU, mbuw4 CTaBKa; rnpvicj:J: HOp-

Ljwu,

Ma; K03cj:Jcj:Jvil(eHT: npol(eHT, TeMn,

paHT

Ljlwruumwljwu, qwriraw-

tutiqflWULll

6e>KeHeW,

3Ml!lr-

____.......__

requirement

iJ.1WhWU2, iJ.1WhWU2-

L.lbuwmwpwfl ornocviTenbHO, cpas-

requisite

Hv1TenbHo

h[lwdb2m pw\J Heo6xoA1"""1,1111 3ne-

wuh[lwdb2Llllll[aJllll1, wu-

Տection կ 6 G_le>sի.:Մ ry

M8HT: peKBl,131,11 Heo6XO,[\l,1MbiVI. 1pe-

6yeMbllii

o6MeH. B onnaTy

research

hbU1wqnU1mra-1mlJ.

unu.fuwurrimraimu

1,1CCJl8.[\0B3H1,18.

nrin2nuJ. L(6tiri peweH1,1e ,

[aJnLl.J;

LLiWUlWUfUWUWUll[nL-

LllW[llJIWL[n[lnL[aJnLU

CTBeHHOCTb;

065133HHOCTb,

L(ti[lLUUWJnLU,

npOCMOTp. npoBepKa

Ulflmqmu

UUlnLqbL, L(b-

nposepԵTb.

npocMaTpv1-

reաard

LLiLU[lqiJ.. Ljw[lOLUUl[lnLfaJnLU,

OTBeT-

hwlflmgmu HarpaAa, B03Harpa*,l.:\e-

065133-

Hv1e , LLiWflqlJ.wUl[lbL. L[WflOWUl[lbL. hwlflnLQbl Harpa*,l.:\aTb. B03Harpa:>K-

responsibleք6 U.jWUlWUfUWUWUlnL OT-

AaTb, nooLUp51Tb

seTCTBeHHbllii

rigorous u fUJ1UUl CTporv11ii

hwl.Jqtiulfl OTAblX the rest Lfl.Jw--

rise

salary

:>KaLUv1x). oKnaA. :>KanosaHbe sale

salespeople

same u lJmJlJ, satisfaction

satisfy

pwroriwgmu. Ljb[ltiLQ nO,[\beM,

saոing

(on)

road

restriction

UWhUWUWt./lWl_jnLU Or-

W[ll1JnLUQ,

hblfliJ.wlJQ pe-

ribri. 1.J2w1.JwumtaJnLU PO.llb,

3Ha4eH1,1e root

paHl,14eHv1e result

nyTb role

LU[lUWUl,

t./lrup.

TOT

:>Ke

Ll.jLUUl6wri,

ul_jqpl.JLUf"\PJnLfl KopeHb, nepeH. npv1-

YAOBnerno3KOHOM1,151 f'I

fU Li Wj n r)nL[aj nLU Ub[l c6epe:>K8H1,151 Lfwu2U1wp Macwrn6

scientific u q!llflwl_jw\J Hay4Hbllii II

scope

qnroml.JbnL[aJLUU 2r2wuwu;

U1buw11w2U1 ccpepa ,QemenbHOcrn; Kpyro3op sea 88 bnLj Mope

KaTb KOpH1,1

secondaryք6 brurnrriwuwu, brurnr-

UWhUWULjWO UW[lq, n[ln-

TaTe

rule

retail

retailer

UWU[lWOWfU p03Hv14Hbllii LfLul.JriwL(w6wri po3Hv14Hbllii

LLiW2Ulnl.Jwranri LJ1UbLQ,

l_jt:;l.Juwran2wur

wl.JglJbLQ

BblXOA

OTCTaBKY, Ha neHCv1Kl return

L[bflWl1lU[l0; bl_jLUUnLUl, 2W·

hnLJ la 803BpaT; AOXOA, npv16blnb in -

l_jwl.Jnl.J,

Ul_jQpnLUQ,

l.Jn[lUW

11WJl11.J, Lfwui-,u)

Lfl121.Jwuwrq (UflfanL[aJWU srnpoCTeneHH1,11ii, srnp1,14-

Hb11ii, cpe,QHvllii (06 06pa3osaH1,11,1) hwlflLjwb,

pwdlllJ,

npas1,1no, np1,1HL(v1n, HopMa as " -

sector

n[lll.jbU l_jwlJnlJ KaK npaBWlO

UbUUln[l CeKTOp, y4aCTOK

LjWflbl,

rnprosew retirement

UW11LULjLUflbl,

J12fUbL

rjbl_jWnpa-

81,1Tb, ynpasnԵTb, snacTsosaTb run

(ran, run) Ljwqbl; uwriwLjw[lbL,

Ljw[lbl (qn[lOQ) 6eraTb; ynpasnԵTb, Beem (Aeno)

selection

[IUUl[lnLU Bb16op

Ljmu

J1\JQUWWLLiWhn-

UJUUWfUnL[ajnLU,

J1UQUnL[lnLJ-

umraJ mu caMoo6ecne4eHHOcTb. He3as1,1c1,1MocTb, caMOCT051TenbHOCTb sell ,. (sold) L(w6Luribt. umi.J.LflnL[l w-

secure

seller

Ljw6wrinri, qnr,bwl_jLUUlW/l

npo,Qasew, Toprosew

J1UWUUl,

,Qen51Tb, pa3,[\en51Tb

LLibu hbUliJ.wl.JQ , bwqbL, wriw2w--

routine

61,1paTb

l.12w1.Jwumra1m1.J

separate , pwdwl.Jbl, WU2Wlflbl OT-

q!llfllJwl_jwlJ yYeHbllii

scientist

search\' nrnubl, 4lUUlflbl i,1CKaTb

2WUJ1 nbdtiu onpeAeneHH1,1iii pe:>K1,1M

selectԱ [IULn[lbl, ;inl~t:;l OT61,1paTb Bbl-

CMblCn. 3Ha4eH1,1e

41,1Ha. v1CT04Hl,1K , wruwlfl qgbL nyc-

cne,[\OBaTb, npOv1CXO,[\v1Tb B pe3ynb--

l.(8HHble

seek , t./lUUl[lbL: 2w\Jwl. t.)lnriobl v1c-

sense

q!llflnL[aJnLl.J HayKa

3ynbTaT, scneAcTsv1e as " - of nril.Jwl, hblfliJ.wlJQ lJ1UbL npov1cTeKaTb,

LU[ldbtaf"\tab[l

6yMarl!I

self-suffic1ency

pwljW[lLU[lnLfaJnLU, qn-

UlUUlbUnLU

science

6WUWL.LiWflh, nLr)J1 ,[\Opora,

,,1

1.JbL npo,[\aBaTb, TOprOB8Tb

C51; yBe.111,141,1saTbC51

41,1saTb

pwLjwriwribL

UWL: hbl.JL(bL OTAblXaTb: on1,1paTbCԵ

LflllJ.l.JnLJlJ

pԵTb

scale

UWhUWULUt./lWUbL orpaH1,1--

L/w6wrinril.Jb[l.

hwgmu YAOBnernopeH1,1e, YAOBneTBopeHHOCTb

1.Jwt: w6bl nO,[\Hv1MaTbC51, nOBblWaTb-

1·

!'I

caMbllii, O,[\v1HaKOBbllii, CXO,[\Hbllii

OCTa.llbHOe, OCTanbHble

restrict

wlJL(LflwlJqnLtaJnLlJ 6e30-

riacHoCTb

KaTb; m,IT8TbC51. CTapaTbC51

Ljw6wriQ npo.o,a:>Ka

nosb1WeHv1e , (rose, risen) pwroriw--

hwl.Jqulflw--

wzt"UWUlWLjW[lO (bwnwin--

g nriri; Lll.JwgwbQ; uimul.Jb[lQ ocrnrnK.

security

qn[lOWULUUlW[lUbfl npo,QaBL(bl

Te.llbCTBO

rest

s r\ll), rin611W 3apa6ornaԵ nnarn (cny-

Tv1BOnonO:>KH~lii. o6paTHv11ii II

Ljl11hJwrirlJnLU B

BaTb

LLiWLnWUflJWUbL OTB843Tb

responsibility

hwuwrirri. hwuwriwu npo--

[lWUWJbl

nrin2bL, L(6ribt pa3pewaTb, pewaTb respond

reոerse

reոieա

1,13y4eH1,1e resolոe

hWUlllLQnLU

Տection կ 6 Glossary

Lfwu,

Wll.jLUhnLj, hnLUWlll, 4UUlW·

WrlWUO!ll.J, WU-

2LUUl; UllU/lPbfl OT,[\enbHbllii, pa3be,[\l,1HeHH~lii; pa3n1,14Hv11ii series

2WflQ, ubrllw PԵA, cep1,151

serոe

OLUrlWJbl; W2fUWUlbl; UL.LiW-

UWflUbl,

OW11WjnL[ajnLU

cny:>Kt,1Tb:

pa6oTaTb;

ULUUlnLQbl

o6cny:>K1,1BaTb;

oKa3aTb ycnyry serոice

OLUrlWJnL[aJnLU, ULLiWULU[l-

WmLl cny:>K6a, o6c.11y:>K1,1BaH1,1e, ycnyra, cepB1,1c set

pwqumraJmlJ,

hwL/w2u1bm,

hblll 6e3onacHb11ii, 3aLLJ1,1LLJeHHb11ii, Ha-

unuLLilbWUl: rumup, uwrriuwug 2Qr-

,Qe:>KHbllii

2wu, 2W[lQ, Ub/l!lLU MHO:>K8CTBO, H8-

WL.LiWhnLjbl: WULjlflwlJq

6op,

KOMnneKT;

rpynna;

riwroubl; bflw2ruwLjnpbl; UUlWUWL o6ecne4v1Tb; 06e3onac1,1Tb; rapaHrn-

P51A; cep1,151

posaTb; cTpaxosaTb; nonyYaTb

CTaB1,1fb; H83H848Tb (L(eHy)

Kpyr .111,1w;

11lJbL: u2wuwWbl q!l\J[I

Տection կ 6 Glossary

wWgr,w. pwd\Jtil.flmfu. uwu

pwdh\J aKLjlllԵ: YaCTb, AOJls:l

pwdw-

\JbL pa3AenԵTb shareholder

pwd\Jbl.flti[l. UlWJWLflG[l

hulJllllfaJllLU, l{WflLL1Glfllllfc)JllLU.

nriwWwL1nrimu yMeH111e. MacTepcrno: skilled

humlfl. nriwWJWl yMeJlblVI.

shop

r,Jw\Jmra: wr,hbul.flw\Jng; wri-

skillful

huml.fl. nnwWJWL yMenb1V1.

KBan111cp111w111posaH HblVI

wex

slipԱ UWJfaWf>GL- ycKOJlb3aTb

LL1WWwumra1m\J. rc,b-

rimraJm\J HeAOCTaTOK, ,[lecplllLjlllT

WJULL1bu TaK and - on

i1i/1

society

so solution

BblVI

solոe II

u2w\J 3HaK

1·

ulJlnr,wqribL noA-

sound

oLUJU

3BYK

hllLUWLh,

n111c~saTb, cTaBIIITbno,[lnlllcb

4ul.flwhtLh. wrrnri.2 (l'\Wl.flnri.mra1w\J

significant " Wwriunri. twwwu. u2w-

uwur,\J) Ha,[le>KH111i1: 3Apasb1V1 (o cy>K-

\JwWwLh9

sa>KHIIIVI,

3HaY111Mb1V1,

cy-

ll.\eCTBeH Hbl VI \' u2w\JwWmra1m\J

signify

m\Jbl.JLUL,

rit:.ri i\JLUf1WL 03HaYaTb, 111rpaTb pOJlb, IIIMeTb 3HaYeHl/le Տilոer

LU[l0LUfc),

AeH111111)

hUzGL 3ByYaTb

source

space

LUf1PJlll[l IIICTOYHIIIK

lJlLU[lWOnLfc)JllLU, lJlbf1 npo-

specialist

lU[l0Wfc)Wl')[lWU

cepe6po, cepe6p>1HHaԵ MOHeTa

uwu\JwqbLn cnew111an111cT

specialization

uwulJLuqr,Lflwgmu

similar (/ \Juw\J, hwuw\Juw\J, Lfhw-

specialize

\JLfw\J aHaJlOrlllYHblVI, CXO,[\HblVI, noxo-

w111an1113111posaTbCԵ

>Kllli1, no,[lo6HblVI

sphere

uc/1·

similarly

\JLfw\Jwu.ibu,

hwuw-

30M

spirit

LljLU[lQ,

hwuwriwW,

PW[lr). hb2lJl npocTOVI, HeCJlO>KHblVI simply

i1i/1

Ll1 w ri q w Ll1 t:; u npocrn

qnr,bm\Jb-

lllfaJLUU nln[ll.fl ccpepa; o6nacTb ,[leԵTeJlbHOCTIII

uwu\Jwqr,Lflw\JLul cnep\Jwqw4wri;

\Juw\J alrn4 TaK >Ke. nO,[I06HblM o6pasimple

seHTapb

nqr,,

hnqbWLu\J

m\JwWm-

faJlll\J\Jbr, AYX, AYXOBHble cnoco6HocTIII spread

single" Lfh, LfhwW O,[IIIIH, e,[1111HcrneH-

Hllle

Hb1i1

H>lTb(rn)

w\Ja\JwWwquh hLUULUL[lnLU

yK0MnJ1eKTOBaH111e nepcoHana

Lnw11wbmu pacnpoCTpaHeLflW[lLUb(4)bL

pacnpoCTpa-

cj)OHA:

rocyAapc-

pwd\Jbtnbn. UJWgr,n\Jbri

aKLjl/lOHep. BJlaAeneu aKLjlllVI storage

LjlnLL, ul.flwr)r,w. dwuw\Jw-

LL1Whmu.

LL1WhGLQ,

LL1W-

hbulJl. LLjWhLljWUGlQ xpaHeH111e: CKJlaA LL1w2w11:

LL.jWhbulJl

3anac,

Ww2ri2w\J CTyneHb; crn,[1111>1. nep1110,[1,

store

3Tan

cKnaA, LL1WhLL1wl.Jt:;L xpaHIIITb, coxpa-

staggering

w\JWwJm\J HeycrnV1Y111-

H>lTb strength

Bb1V1 II

to be at - l{LllW\Jqh ub2 Lh\Jb[

WU[lnLfaJnLU CIIIJla,

striոeԱ ))WUWL, ))LUUQ qnr,b l')UGL CTa-

UUlWUr)W[llJl, LfwWWflrJWW

md,

npOYHOCCb paTbCԵ. np111naraTbYCIIIJll/lԵ

cTaH,[lapT, yposeHb

strongՈաilled u hwulJlWlJlnLU (mdbri.

stark u pwgwriawW a6cornornb1i1

Wwu12h lJlG[l) BOJleBOVI

state

r)[llllfc)JnL\J. 4r,6wW; LL1GlflnL-

structure

WwrrnLg4wbQ npyKTypa LL.jWJf>W[l 6opb6a

faJ11L\J; \Jwhw\Jq cocrn>1H111e, nono>Ke-

struggle

H111e; rocy,llapcrno: wTaT

study

mumu\Jwur,rimu. mumu\Jw-

Ww\J rocyAapcTseHHblVI

LL1blflw-

hwri.nriribL,

allwWbriLL1tL,

hwu-

ur,rimraimu Hllle

1113YY8Hl/le,

IIICCJleAOBa-

mumuuwuhribL, hblflLUQfllflGL,

LflLULflbl; 2wriw11ribL C006ll.\111Tb, 3aԵ-

rJhlflbL: un4nribL 1113yyaTb; 111ccne,[lo-

aBIIITb, cpopMyn111posaTb; 1113naraTb

saTb; pacMaTplllBaTb; YYIIITbCԵ

statement

cnew111an1113aL1111Ե

3anac.

Տtockholder

hLUJLflwriwribL;

CTpaHCTBO. MeCTO

Lj t:;\J lJl w r1

rneH Hb1e weHHble 6yMar111. aKLjllllll. IIIH-

hwLfwLribL wlJo\JwWwqLfQ yKoMnneK-

standard

llllbbL pewaTb

U1LU2LlJfl, ,'.bnurr Ll1GlJlLL1Ww\J

TosaTb nepcoHan

6b1Tb B onacHOCTIII

Llllbmu peweH111e

w\JolJw-

Wwqu, hwulflhQ WTaT, nepcoHan ,

stake

sick (/ hr,4w\J11 60JlbHOVI, He3,[10pO-

Lհ2i\JWU1Wljwqu.

stock

wr1dt:.rar1rat:.ri. wWgr,w\Jt:.11. qnLJf>. h\J-

ՄՄՄ

hwuwriwWmra1m\J o6ll.\eCT-

cpOYHblVI

sign

u WJLU

TaK Aanee

shortՈterm u Wwri6wdwuWbl.fl KpaTKO-

staff

stage

LflLUrJ[lWLfwu Mara3111H: MacTepcKaԵ: shortcoming

huJUlJlLUlJlnLll ycTOVIYIIIBblVI,

staffing

KBaJl Ill qJIII Ljl/1 poBaH Hbl VI

JlԵTb

stable

CTa6111nbHb1VI

KBaJl 111cp111 Ka Ljlll >l

Ljlnr,JLUr)flGL, mri.wriWtL ornpas-

zLUL{l. UGOnLfc)JllLU pa3Mep. Be-

Տection կ 6 Glossary _

Jll/lYIIIHa skill

aKLjlllOHep, naVlll.\lllK ship

size

hwri.nririmu, hwJLflW[lW-

rimraJm\J; Ll1lU2Uln\JwWw\J hw24blfl-

subject

wriwriww. UJnLfc):

npe,llMeT. TeMa

rc,buw

b\Jrc,wriWbL. b\Jrawri-

l{lllfc)JllLU coo6ll.\eH111e. 3a,iasneH111e:

WbL (qn11bnrtmraJ wu ,wqrit:.g mraJ wu ):

ocp111l\lllaJlbHbli1 OTYeT

ubriWwJWQUGL

statistic

4r,6wWwqriwWw\J CTarnc-

4r,6wWwqrimra1m\J crn-

subordinate

hwulJlLUlJlnLU. WLLIJnLU yc-

steady "

TOi1YIIIBblVI,

H81113M8HHblVI,

noCTO>lH-

r)WU

(1•! stimuli) r,Jfc)LUU CTIIIMYJl

GUfaWWLLI, ULflll[lLU-

110AYIIIHeHHbli1

burawWWJlll-

ra1wu lJlLUW r)UGl nOAYIIIHԵTb subsequent

Hbli1

B03A8VICT-

u lJl 1111 LLI riw u LU u a no;:i-

Y111HeH Hoe JllllLjO

TIIICTIIIKa

stimulus

(BJllll>lHIIIIհ,

no,[\YIIIH>lTb,

BIIIIհ), npeAOCTaBIIITb (nnaH)

T111YecK111i1 statistics

nO,[\BepraTb

(LL1LWU)

cne,[lylհll.\lllVI

hblJlwqw, hw2nriri no-

Տection կ 6 Glossary - - - - - - - ----

substantial o twi.jwl.i. Ww11Lrnr1 3Ha'--IVI·

TenbHbll!I. Cyll.\eCTBeHHbll!I, Ba)t(Hbll!I

"ւ'

substantially

twUiCU. [1Ul!l tm-

p w Lj LU [l W[l CL noc1asn11Tb. 1pe6HOCTb)

fcrJWU. hhul.Jw4wl.inuJ no cyll.\ecrny.

support

B Cyll.\eCTBeHHOM. B rnaBHOM

g nLfcrJ mu

B OC·

UiW2lllUiWlJmraJmlJ. w2wWnop,p,ep)t(Ka. noMOll.\b

succeedԱ hbunl.J.t:;L, hw2nriribl, hw2n-

rtnLfcrJWU hwulibl cnep,osarb: 111MeTb

suppose

ycnex, p,ocr111raTb L1en111

UW[lbL

C'--II/ITaTb.

successful

hw2nrtWl.j ycneWHbll!I.

surplus

yp,a'--!Hbll!I such u WJUUi!luri.

WJ11Uil1Ull TaKOl!I

-as (WJUUi!lurlJ) hl.iz.UiilU!llJ, !lUz.UibU oririuw4 TaKoi:i KaK. raK Hanp111Mep

(ljW[lilQQ) CHa6)t(aTb, yp,osnersop11rb (no-

QW2WlCilCl, w2wWgbL sarb. noMorarb

HOBHOM

nop,p,ep)t(VI·

wLjbLQnL4. hwljt.Lnrirr. L.fuw-

gnriri 1/13nVIWeK. Vl36blTOK, OCTaTOK " hwLjbLJWL Vl3nl/lWHl/ll!I, np1116aBO'--IHbll!I surոey

technology

unt:;[l.Jl.Jnlnqrw. unt:;h.Jl.Jh-

w41Jw114, wL.ILj1nLjlmL.f. uunm-

tie• L. WLJ..iCl CBS13b1BaTb

4w TeXHOnC~il151, TeXHVIKa

time

tedious o cwuoriwLr.

qwL.f speM11. nePVIO,ll ~peMeH111. nopa:

hnql.Jt:;gmgh!.

CKY'--IHbll!I. yroM111renbHb1i:i term

MVIH

LJ..i,UJL.fwl.Jut;ri

test

ycnos11111

t'i

unbuLll: Ljlnriow114mL.f. uunm-

, dwL.fwlJ.Ji.j, dwL.f. UiWh: wlJ-

pa3

dwL.labun: unbriL.fhlJ cpoK. rep-

wriunwhwJUlnLfcrJnLlJ Bb1pa)t(eH111e

burawriribl, 4W[l0CL, hwnpep,nonaraTb. nonaraTb.

Տection կ 6 Gloիsary __ -·--·--

dwL.fLL,JW4hlJ wnljwo. JnL·

timely "

nwdLuL.fwlJw4 csoespeMeHHbll!I

,,d,·

together

1./'1wuhl.i BMecre. co-

06ll.\a

qmL.f: glJl.im~JmlJ Teer. 111cnb1raH111e.

too u,h 1wljlwcw1Jg. wuiwljl. 2wun:

nposepKa

1Jm11Ju.icu cn111uJKOM. L1epecL1yp TaK)t(e. TO)t(e

3K3aMeH , Ljlnriowri4cl,

uunmqt:;L, uU1mqL.fwlJ t.1Jraw114c[ recrnposarb, nposep11rb. 111cnb1TblBaTb thanks

to 21.Jnrihhlj 6narop,ap11

tool

qnnbhQ I/IHCTpyMeHT 4lrt.Jp qn[l-

OhQ, Lfh2ng nepeH. opyp,111e. cpep,crno

hw-

that pron WJ11, WJU. nri. nrio TOT. ra.

total " wL.fpn112. lilh4, (hwL.f)QUl)hw-

2LJbunLjmra1mlJ (ht:;unwqnunuwlJ) o630p. 0603peH111e; 06cnep,osaH111e; or-

TO conj nri: WJU, nri: nriUibUqh YTO:

1Jnq1, secb, L1enb1i:i, nonHbll!I, (sce)o6-

TO. '--ITO: p,mi Toro. L1T06b1 - is WJ-

ll.\Vll!I. cosoKynHblill , hwu11wqmL.lwflh

'--leT (06cnep,osaH111111) , rillunbL, qlJlJbL,

uriu121J TO eCTb

pbflt;l

theorist

superոise ,. hu4bl, Ljb[1whu4bL, Ljw-

mumul.JwuriribL, hbunwqnunt:;l o6o3pesarb, o6cnep,osarb sustain ,. UiWhbL nop,p,ep)t(VIBaTb

[lbl, ljwriwljwribl Ha6nKJp,aTb, Hap,-

systematically

3111paTb 3a '--leM-n . KOHTpon111posaTb.

CI/ICTeMaTI/IYHO

sufficient" pwLjw4wl.iw1.wW,. pwLjw-

[lW[l ,[\OCTaTO'--IHbll!I suit

,. hwriuwri

llllibl,

hwLfWUiW-

unwuruwlit:;l fO,[\I/ITbC51; COOTBeTCTBOBaTb

qmL.f.

nLumul.JwurrrnL[crJnLU.

ui,uunt:;1Jwunriwnricu

3aBe,[\OBaTb superոision

hu4n11mraJmlJ; 4WrJWLjW[lnLU KOHTpOnb; Ha6nKJp,eH111e; Hap,3op, ynpa~r neH111e, supplier

L.fwunwWwriwrinrt nocras-

li.\VIK supply

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Reference Ashely A.A

Correspondence workbook-Oxford University Press.

Friedman J.P. հictionary of Business Terms.-N.Y. Barron's Educational series, Inc

. 1994

McConnell C.Ե .. Brue S.L. Economics. Principles. Problems, and

UjWLilf"lWULil (Lfh

Oxford Wordpower հictionary-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

Lfh2ng,

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Stevans S.Skinner. John M.lvancevich Business for the 21 s, century,

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Policies. -Boston-N.Y -San Francisco: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill. 1999

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ԼA8LE ՕF ՄՕNԼENԼՏ

Anahit Zatikyan

ՏEՄԼՄՕN Մ

... 5 Lesson Մ - The Nature of Economics ........ . .13 Lesson 2 - Kinds of Economics .......... . .... 19 Lesson 3 - Economic goals ........ . ..25 Lesson կ - The Importance and Եole of Economics . .32 Lesson 5 - Why Study Business .............. . .... 38 Lesson 6 - People Form the Core of Business ..... 43 Lesson 7 - The Nature of Business ..... Lesson 8 - Basic Factors in Business . Lesson 9 - Legal forms of Organization . . .... 60 Lesson Մ0 - International Business ...... . 71 Lesson ՄՄ - The Importance and Եole of the Personnel հepartment . 80 Lesson Մ2 - What is ManagementՃ . .. ... . .. . .. 93 Lesson Մ3 - Marketing ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . ... . . .. 99 Lesson ՄկՈ Career in Finance ........... ........ .. 104 Lesson Մ5 - Insurance .......................... . ..... 109 Lesson Մ6 - Securities........................... . . ..... 116 .121 Lesson Մ7 - Accounting ........................ .

ՏEՄԼՄՕN 2

................................. 124 Career in Business ..................... . ................................ 126 Small Business Ownership ............... . ............................. 127 Franchises .............................. . Career in Accounting .......................................................................... 129 . ....... 133 Career in Marketing...................................... . ............... .. . 134 Advertising.... . .. .... .... .. .. ..... .. . . .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. . .. . .. .. ... .. . ... 134 Market Եesearch . ... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. Career in Management . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. . ... .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .... 137 Career in International Business ......................................................... 140

ՏEՄԼՄՕN 3

Business Language. Expressions, most commonly used in commercial letters . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . .. ... .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .. .. . . ................. 144 ... 159 Business letters . .163 հialogues on business

ՏEՄԼՄՕN կ

Glossary

················· ...... 168

Economics in English

հesigned by Tigran Apikyan

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YEREVAN ՏԼAԼE UNՄVERՏՄԼY PREՏՏ

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